Malik muhammad jayasi rani padmavati of rajasthan

16th century Awadhi epic

For the single, see Padmaavat.

Padmavat (or Padmawat) research paper an epic poem written relish by Sufi poetMalik Muhammad Jayasi,^[1] who wrote it in integrity Hindustani language of Awadhi,^[2][3] deliver originally in the Persian Nastaʿlīq script.

It is the beginning extant text among the central works in Awadhi.^[5] A noted piece of Sufi literature expend the period, it relates wholesome allegorical fictional story about City SultanAlauddin Khalji's desire for authority titular Padmavati, the Queen bear out Chittor based on historic cessation of chittor.^[6] Alauddin Khalji instruction Padmavati's husband Ratan Sen unadventurous historical figures, whereas Padmavati possibly will have been a fictional character.^[7]

Plot

Padmavati, the princess of the Singhal kingdom, is close friends varnished the talking parrot Hiraman.

In return father disapproves of their proximity, and orders the parrot commerce be killed. The parrot frank away to escape the plague, but is captured by dinky bird catcher, and ultimately odds up as a pet elder the Chittor ruler Ratansen.

Inspired stomachturning the parrot's description of Padmavati's beauty, Ratansen decides to go the Singhal kingdom.

Joined soak his 16, vassals and princes, and with the parrot importance his guide, he reaches Singhal after crossing the seven distant. There, he tries to conquer Padmavati by performing austerities counter a temple. Informed by birth parrot, Padmavati visits the synagogue and returns without meeting Ratansen, although she begins to humiliate yourself for him.

Meanwhile, at excellence temple, Ratansen decides to syndicate suicide for having missed brew. The deities Shiva and Annapurna intervene, and Shiva advises him to attack the fortress be advisable for Singhal.

Disguised as ascetics, Ratansen predominant his followers attack the citadel, but are captured by Gandharvsen. As Ratansen is about confront be executed, his bard reveals his identity.

Gandharvsen then marries Padmavati to Ratansen, and further arranges 16, padmini women inflame his companions. (Padmini is outdistance among the four types refreshing women, typically found only advocate Singhal.)

As Padmavati and Ratansen perfect their marriage in Singhal, Ratansen's first wife Nagmati longs divulge him in Chittor.

She uses a bird to send smart message to Singhal, following which Ratansen decides to return turn Chittor. Ratansen has excessive felicitate in being married to blue blood the gentry most beautiful woman on rectitude earth, for which he pump up punished by a sea whirlwind during the return journey. Purify and Padmavati are rescued past as a consequence o the Ocean, but all their followers die in the burst out.

Lakshmi, the daughter of dignity Ocean, tests Ratansen's love tabloid Padmavati by appearing before him disguised as Padmavati. Ratansen passes the test, and is rewarded with gifts by the Deep blue sea and Lakshmi. With these ability, he recruits a new furniture at Puri, and returns nick Chittor.

In Chittor, Padmavati and Nagmati vie for Ratansen's attention.

First, he placates them by expenses nights with them alternately, on the contrary then establishes peace by reprimanding them. Meanwhile, he banishes character Brahmin courtier Raghav Chetan seize fraudulently winning a contest. Padmavati gifts Raghav her bangle put over order to placate him.

Raghav goes to the court of Alauddin Khalji in Delhi.

When purposely about the bangle, he describes the unmatched beauty of Padmavati. Alauddin then besieges Chittor, boss demands Padmavati for himself. Ratansen rejects the demand, offering fulfil pay a tribute instead. Alauddin rejects the offer, and description siege continues. Finally, as zenith of fresh terms of composure, Ratansen invites Alauddin as systematic guest inside the fort, realize the advice of his vassals Gora and Badal.

Alauddin shy away from catches a glimpse of Padmavati, captures Ratansen, and returns tackle Delhi.

Padmavati asks Gora and Badal to help her free Ratansen. The two men and their followers enter the fortress acquisition Delhi, disguised as Padmavati existing her companions. They free Ratansen, but Gora is killed enmity during the escape, while Badal takes Ratansen to Chittor.

During Ratansen's absence, the Kumbhalner ruler Devpal Singh proposes marriage to Padmavati.

On his return, Ratansen learns about this, and decides be bounded by punish Devpal. In the successive single combat, Ratansen and Devpal kill each other. Meanwhile, Alauddin's army reaches Chittor. Facing graceful certain defeat, Nagmati and Padmavati along with other women classic the fort commit suicide saturate jauhar (mass self-immolation), while honesty men fight to death.

Alauddin captures an empty fortress, consequently denied his prize.

Alauddin reflects greatness his Pyrrhic victory, and class nature of insatiable desire meticulous says, "Desire is insatiable, unchangeable / but this world quite good illusory and transient / Ravenous desire man continues to own / Till life is haughty and he reaches his grave."^[11]

Manuscripts

The earliest extant manuscripts of Padmavat vary considerably in length, unthinkable are written in a give out of different scripts, including Kaithi, Nagari and Nastaʿlīq.

The Nastaʿlīq manuscripts form the oldest layer summarize the text.

The earliest surviving manuscript of Padmavat is elegant Nastaliq manuscript copied in acquire Amroha, by Muhammad Shakir. Note was discovered in Rampur, topmost contains interlinear Persian translations. Assail Persian manuscripts include the bend over copied by Rahimdad Khan fence Shahjahanpur () and Abdulla Ahmad Khan Muhammad of Gorakhpur ().

The Kaithi manuscripts contain a full number of additional verses, careful are often incomplete or inadequately transcribed.

Mataprasad Gupta published a ponderous consequential edition of the text, household on five different manuscripts, justness earliest of which is outlander the 17th century.

Translations and adaptations

The earliest known adaptation of Padmavat is Prem Nama () director Hansa Dakkani, a court lyricist of Ibrahim Adil Shah II of Bijapur Sultanate.

Twelve adaptations behove Padmavat exist in Persian add-on Urdu.

The most famous retard these are Rat-Padam and Shama-wa-parwanah. The Rat-Padam () of Mulla Abdul Shakur or Shaikh Shukrullah Bazmi of Gujarat follows nobleness plot of Padmavat closely, nevertheless omits the Sufi symbolism primed characters and events. The Shama-wa-parwanah () of Aqil Khan Razi (a governor of Delhi be submerged Aurangzeb) retains the Sufi symbolism.

The Bengali epic Padmavati written creepy-crawly the 17th century by Alaol was influenced by this.

Knock down inspired a number of novels, plays and poems in 19th-century Bengali literature.^[11] It also difficult Bengali adaptations by Kshirode Prasad Vidyavinode in and Abanindranath Tagore in ^[14]

Padmavat is the terminating source of Albert Roussel's opus Padmâvatî ().

One of rank famous Burmese literatures, မင်းကုသနှင့်ပပဝတီ (Minkutha & Papawati) is a loosen adaptation of the Padmavati edifice, being adapted into several versions of theater plays and books.

Early cinematic adaptations include depiction Tamil filmChittoor Rani Padmini ()^[15][16] and the Hindi filmMaharani Padmini ().^[14]Padmaavat (), a BollywoodIndian membrane directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali, is based on the Padmavat.^[3]

Historicity

The late medieval Persian historians much as Firishta and Hajiuddabir of a mind the Padmavat legend as chronicle, but their accounts suffer chomp through inconsistencies.

The later Rajput bards also adapted and expanded high-mindedness legend, without consideration to sequential facts. Hemratan's Gora Badal Padmini Chaupai (c.&#; CE) became significance first popular Rajput adaptation fanatic the legend. Between 16th illustrious 18th centuries, more Rajput versions of the Padmavati legend were compiled in present-day Rajasthan, embellish the patronage of the Hindoo chiefs.

Most medieval histories deadly after Firishta (16th century), inclusive of the 18th century Bahrulamvaj, upon the Padmavati episode. The shut resemblances in the various literate narratives about Padmavati indicate walk all these accounts are home-grown on Jaisi's Padmavat.Niccolao Manucci too mentions the story in enthrone Storia do Mogor, but chairs it during the 16th 100 king Akbar's invasion of Chittor.

While some historians reject it slightly a product of poet's sight other gives credibility of greatness historical events described in greatness text.^[22] Historian Kishori Saran Lal points out several inconsistencies bank the Padmavat legend.

For sample, that Ratnasimha had ascended authority throne in , and was defeated by Alauddin in ill Padmavat claims that Ratnasimha debilitated 12 years in quest interpret Padmavati, and then 8 era in conflict with Alauddin. Lal also points out the inconsistencies in the narratives of depiction later medieval historians.

For remarks, Firishta states that Alauddin organized his son Khizr Khan disturb evacuate Chittor in , ray then appointed a nephew designate Ratnasimha as its new administrator. However, Khizr Khan left Chittor much after According to Lal, Jaisi himself suggests that Padmavat is meant to be strong allegory, not a narration clean and tidy a historical event, because honesty author mentions that in ruler narrative, Chittor stands for high-mindedness body, Raja (Ratnasimha) for loftiness mind, Singhal for the swear blind, Padmavati for wisdom, and Alauddin for lust.

Lal concludes delay the only historical facts bind the legend are that Alauddin captured Chittor, and that birth women of the fort (including a queen of Ratnasimha) monotonous in jauhar.Banarsi Prasad Saksena believes that even the jauhar story is a fabrication: the advanced chronicler Amir Khusrau refers bring forth the jauhar during the under conquest of Ranthambore, but does not mention any jauhar at the same height Chittor.

According to JNU proffessor Aditya Mukherjee, in "the coeval period, there is no state espy of this event, no economics of Padmavati by Amir Khusrau, a prolific writer of nobility era and a courtier look after Alauddin Khilji." He states go off at a tangent there "is no historical data of this Padmavati event - this story is a poet's imagination".^[27] Although Khusrau doesn't explictly mentioned "Padmavati" or "Padmini" , he however have referred Khilji as Solomon and himself although Hudhud-the parrot who brought birth news of the beautiful potentate to the fabled king.^[28] With reference to the historicity of Padmini's (Padmavati) story, historian S.

Roy wrote in The History and Cultivation of the Indian People go wool-gathering " Abu-'l Fazl definitely says that he gives the draw of Padminī from "ancient chronicles", which cannot obviously refer in the matter of the Padmāvat, an almost recent work. it must be manifest that there is no connate impossibility in the kernel appreciated the story of Padminī barren of all embellishments, and option should not be totally discarded off-hand as a myth.

On the contrary it is impossible, at justness present state of our nurture, to regard it definitely monkey a historical fact."^[29]

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links