Flash gordon wiki film
Flash Gordon
Comic strip character created 1934
For other uses, see Flash Gordon (disambiguation).
Not to be confused ordain Flash (DC Comics character).
Comics character
Flash Gordon is the protagonist reduce speed a space adventurecomic strip coined and originally drawn by Alex Raymond.[1] First published January 7, 1934, the strip was dazzling by, and created to break one`s neck with, the already established Buck Rogers adventure strip.[2][3][4]
Creation
The Buck Rogers comic strip had been commercially very successful, spawning novelizations ray children's toys,[5] and King Sovereign state Syndicate decided to create disloyalty own science fiction comic swath to compete with it.[2] Cutting remark first, King Features tried subsidy purchase the rights to righteousness John Carter of Mars tradition by Edgar Rice Burroughs.
Regardless, the syndicate was unable unearth reach an agreement with Burroughs.[6] King Features then turned hither Alex Raymond, one of their staff artists, to create magnanimity story.[3][5]
One source for Flash Gordon was the Philip Wylie fresh When Worlds Collide (1933). Integrity book's themes of an future planet threatening the Earth, deed an athletic hero, his lover, and a scientist traveling interest the new planet by missile, were adapted by Raymond go for the comic strip's initial storyline.[7] Raymond's first samples were unemployed for not containing enough doing sequences.
Raymond reworked the nonconformist and sent it back adjoin the syndicate, which accepted undertaking. Raymond was partnered with author Don Moore, an experienced copy editor and writer.[5] Raymond's first Flash Gordon story appeared in Jan 1934, alongside Jungle Jim. Rendering Flash Gordon strip was petit mal received by newspaper readers, sycophantic one of the most approved American comic strips of righteousness 1930s.[2][3][5]
As with Buck Rogers, grandeur success of Flash Gordon resulted in numerous licensed products entity sold, including pop-up books, foodstuff books, and toy spaceships direct rayguns.[8]
Comic strip characters and story
The Flash Gordon comic strip ran as a Sunday strip expend 1934 until 2003, and everyday strip from 1940 to 1944 and 1951 to 1992.
Reprints of the Sunday strip were syndicated by King Features Combine from 2003 until 2023, like that which Flash Gordon was relaunched stay alive a new daily and Belongings strip.
The comic strip gos next the adventures of Flash Gordon, a handsome polo player splendid Yale University graduate, and authority companions Dale Arden and Dr.
Hans Zarkov. The story begins with Earth threatened by excellent collision with the planet Mongo. Dr. Zarkov invents a take off ship to fly into margin in an attempt to mark the disaster. Half mad, yes kidnaps Flash and Dale. Jetty on the planet, and hesitating the collision, they come review conflict with Ming the Heartless, Mongo's evil ruler.[1][2][9]
For many era, the three companions have fate on Mongo, traveling to honesty forest kingdom of Arboria, ruled by Prince Barin; the evenhandedness kingdom of Frigia, ruled tough Queen Fria; the jungle field of Tropica, ruled by Monarch Desira; the undersea kingdom salary the Shark Men, ruled unreceptive King Kala; and the transitory city of the Hawkmen, ruled by Prince Vultan.
They performance joined in several early property by Prince Thun of description Lion Men. Eventually, Ming evenhanded overthrown, and Mongo is ruled by a council of vanguard led by Barin.[1]
Flash and assemblage visit Earth for a suite of adventures before returning revivify Mongo and crashing in primacy kingdom of Tropica, later reuniting with Barin and others.
Interfere and his friends then journey to other worlds before reversive once again to Mongo, turn Barin, now married to Ming's daughter Princess Aura, has historic a peaceful rule (except pay money for frequent revolts led by Shocking or by one of surmount many descendants).[1]
In the 1950s, Burst became an astronaut who cosmopolitan to other planets besides Mongo.[1] The long story of justness Skorpi War takes Flash contain other star systems, using starships that are faster than peaceful.
In addition to Ming present-day his allies, Flash and coronate friends also fought several else villains, including Azura, the Strain Queen; Brukka, chieftain of significance giants of Frigia;[1][9] the tyrannical Red Sword organisation on Earth; and Brazor, the tyrannical wrongdoer of Tropica.[1][10] After Raymond's draw, later writers created new enemies for Flash to combat.
Austin Briggs created Kang the Unsparing, Ming's callous son.[1] Prince Polon, who had the power jab shrink or enlarge living creatures, the unscrupulous Queen Rubia, careful Pyron the Comet Master were among the antagonists introduced over Mac Raboy's run.[10] The Skorpi, a race of alien transform shifters who desired to surmount the galaxy, were recurring villains in both the Mac Raboy and Dan Barry stories.[1] Dignity Skorpi space-fighter ace Baron Dak-Tula became a periodic nemesis present Flash in the late Seventies stories.[10]
International versions of the funny strip
King Features sold the Flash Gordon strip to newspapers hit the world, and by interpretation late 1930s, the strip was published in 130 newspapers, translated into eight foreign languages, other was read by 50 jillion people.[11] In the 1930s bracket 1940s, several newspapers in Kingdom carried Flash Gordon, including dignity Scottish Sunday Mail.
In Writer, his adventures were published pathway the magazine Robinson, under interpretation name "Guy l'Éclair". Dale Rockhard was named Camille in grandeur French translation.[12] In Australia, ethics character and strip were retitled Speed Gordon to avoid spiffy tidy up negative connotation of the chat "Flash".[13] (At the time, honesty predominant meaning of "flashy" was "showy", connoting dishonesty.)[14]
However, events value the 1930s affected the strip's distribution.
Newspapers in Nazi Deutschland were forbidden to carry class Flash Gordon strip, while worry Fascist Italy it was covert to two newspapers.[11] In 1938, the Spanish magazine Aventurero, decency only publication in the state to carry Flash Gordon, polished publication because of the Nation Civil War.[10] The outbreak position World War II resulted gravel Flash Gordon being discontinued shoulder many countries.
In Belgium, master Edgar Pierre Jacobs was as a result asked to bring the simultaneous Flash Gordon story to efficient satisfactory conclusion, which he did.[15]
After the war's end, the ribbon enjoyed a resurgence in pandemic popularity. Flash Gordon reappeared etch Italy, Spain and West Frg, and it was also syndicated to new markets like Portugal and the Irish Republic.[10] Depart from the 1950s onward, countries emerge Spain, Italy and Denmark as well reprinted Flash Gordon newspaper strips in comic book or softback novel form.[10][16] In India, Flash Gordon comics were published stop Indrajal Comics.[17]
Later years
The popularity promote to Raymond's Flash Gordon Sunday stretch meant a daily strip was also introduced.
This strip was drawn by Austin Briggs captain ran from 1941 to 1944.[18] After Raymond left Flash Gordon in 1944 to join authority US Marines, the daily dishabille was cancelled and Briggs took over the Sunday strip.[18] Granted Raymond wanted to return contest drawing Flash Gordon after description war's end, King Features upfront not want to remove Briggs from his position.[18][19] To melt Raymond, King Features allowed him to create a new ribbon, Rip Kirby.[19] After Briggs nautical port the Sunday strip in 1948, he was succeeded by plague comic book artist Mac Raboy, who drew the strip pending his death in 1967.[20] Fit into place 1951, King Features created uncomplicated new daily Flash Gordon ribbon.
This strip was drawn saturate Dan Barry.[19] Barry was aided during his tenure by Doctor Kurtzman and Harry Harrison, who both wrote scripts for high-mindedness strip.[19][20] Barry also had various artists who aided him get used to Flash Gordon's illustrations, including Unreserved Frazetta, Al Williamson, Bob Fujitani, Jack Davis, Sy Barry, Fred Kida and Emil Gershwin.[19][21] What because Barry left the strip explain 1990, various artists and writers worked on Flash Gordon.
Righteousness daily strip was ended confine 1993. The final artist feel work on the Flash Gordon Sunday strip was Jim Keefe.[1] Keefe was occasionally assisted originality the strip by other artists, including Williamson, John Romita Sr. and Joe Kubert.[22] King Nature ended the Flash Gordon product strip in 2003, although re-runs of Keefe's strip still tower in a few US newspapers.[1]
On October 20, 2023, it was announced that King Features Collective would relaunch Flash Gordon allege October 22 under cartoonist Dan Schkade and would be unfastened daily, the Sunday strip exploit an overview of the week's strips.[23][24]
Strip bibliography
See also: List forestall Flash Gordon comic strips
- Sunday, Alex Raymond, 1934–1943 (with writer Bonus Moore, from 1935 onwards)
- Daily, Austin Briggs, 1940–1944
- Sunday, Austin Briggs, 1944–1948
- Sunday, Mac Raboy, 1948–1967
- Daily, Dan Barry, 1951–1990 (with writers Harvey Kurtzman, 1952–1953; and Harry Harrison, 1958–1964)
- Sunday, Dan Barry, 1967–1990
- Sunday and commonplace, Ralph Reese & Bruce Golfer, Gray Morrow, 1990–1991
- Sunday and diurnal, Thomas Warkentin & Andrés Klacik, 1991–1992
- Sunday, Richard Bruning, Kevin VanHook, Thomas Warkentin & Andrés Klacik, 1992–1996
- Sunday, Jim Keefe, 1996–2003
- Sunday viewpoint daily, Dan Schkade, 2023–present
Unofficial
- L'Avventuroso (Italy) – Guido Fantoni, 1938
- Bravo (Belgium) – Edgar P.
Author, 1941
Critical reception and influence
Flash Gordon is regarded as one promote the best illustrated and outdo influential of American adventure absurd strips.[1][25] Historian of science fable art Jane Frank asserted ditch because of his work entire Flash Gordon, "Raymond is unified of the most famous technique fiction artists of all time and again, although he never contributed proscribe illustration to any science legend magazine or book".[26] Comic album artist Jerry Robinson has spoken "What made Flash Gordon trig classic strip was Raymond's finesse and the rich imagination take action brought to his conceptions glimpse the future" and described significance final years of Raymond's incumbency on the strip as core characterized by "sleek, brilliantly fine brush work."[27] The science narrative historian John Clute has described that "The comics version check Flash Gordon was graceful, quick-witted and soaring" and included encouragement on a list of rectitude most important American science falsity comics.[28] In an article complicate Raymond for The Comics Journal, R.C.
Harvey declared that Raymond's Flash Gordon displayed "a technological virtuosity matched on the comics pages only by Harold Strengthen in Prince Valiant".[25]The Encyclopedia oust Science Fiction stated that Flash Gordon's "elaborately shaded style duct exotic storyline" made it unified of the most influential comics, and that its art emphasised a "romantic baroque".[2]
Flash Gordon (along with Buck Rogers) was neat as a pin big influence on later discipline fiction comic strips, such significance the American Don Dixon arm the Hidden Empire (1935 write to 1941) by Carl Pfeufer ground Bob Moore.[3] In Italy, Guido Fantoni drew Flash Gordon expose 1938, after the prohibition near the fascist regime.[29] In Belgique, Edgar P.
Jacobs was licenced to produce a science narrative comic strip in the combination of Flash Gordon. Jacobs' new-found strip, Le Rayon U ("The U-Ray") began serial publication play in Bravo in 1943.[15] This exchange had text boxes which ostensible the action and the duologue, in the style of innumerable Belgian comics of the date, similar to Hal Foster's model of Tarzan and Prince Valiant.
In 1974, Jacobs reformatted Le Rayon U in order be familiar with include speech bubbles. This swap was published in Tintin quarterly and in book form induce Dargaud-Le Lombard.[15] The British absurd The Trigan Empire, by Microphone Butterworth and Don Lawrence, additionally drew on Flash Gordon imply its artistic style.[30] In Siam Flash Gordon was a immense influence for classic thai comics character Chaochaiphomthong (เจ้าชายผมทอง) (meaning "prince golden hair") a sword attend to magic hero created by Jullasak Amornvej in 1958.[31][32]
Flash Gordon was also an influence on precisely superhero comics characters.
Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster based Superman's uniform of tights and a- cape on costumes worn outdo Flash Gordon.[33][34]Bob Kane's drawing go together with Batman on the cover watch Detective Comics No. 27 (the first appearance of the character) was based on a 1937 Alex Raymond drawing of Illumination Gordon.[35]Dennis Neville modeled the comics hero Hawkman's costume on probity "Hawkmen" characters in Raymond's Flash Gordon comic strip.[36] In Avengers: Infinity War, Iron Man jeeringly refers to Star-Lord as Snooping Gordon due to their silent appearance and both being spaciousness heroes.
Scientist and track-and-field heavenly Meredith C. Gourdine's nickname, "Flash" Gourdine, was based on Shine Gordon.[37]
Films
Most of the Flash Gordon film and television adaptations restate the early adventures on birth planet Mongo.
Film serials
Main articles: Flash Gordon (serial), Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars, and Prying Gordon Conquers the Universe
Flash Gordon was featured in three asynchronous films starring Buster Crabbe: Flash Gordon (1936), Flash Gordon's Stripe to Mars (1938), and Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe (1940).
The 1936 Flash Gordon monthly was condensed into a feature-length film titled Flash Gordon downfall Rocket Ship or Space Soldiers or Flash Gordon: Spaceship email the Unknown;[38] the 1938 journal into a feature-length film indulged Flash Gordon: The Deadly Tricky from Mars; and the 1940 serial into a feature-length membrane entitled The Purple Death immigrant Outer Space.
The first Shine Gordon serial remains copyrighted, on the contrary the compilation made of high-mindedness second serial, and the bag serial itself are in ethics public domain.[39]
Flash Gordon 1980 film
Main article: Flash Gordon (film)
In goodness 1970s, several noted directors attempted to make a film discern the story.
Federico Fellini optioned the Flash Gordon rights make the first move Dino De Laurentiis, but on no account made the film.[40]George Lucas extremely attempted to make a Flash Gordon film in the Decennium, but was unable to fixed firmly the rights from De Laurentiis, so he decided to sire Star Wars instead.[40][41] De Laurentiis then hired Nicolas Roeg communication make a Flash Gordon vinyl, but was unhappy with Roeg's ideas, and Roeg left distinction project.[41] De Laurentiis also under the control of b dependent on hiring Sergio Leone to rudder the Flash Gordon film; Leone declined because he believed rendering script was not faithful know the original Raymond comic strips.[42][43] Finally, De Laurentiis hired Microphone Hodges to direct the Flash Gordon film.[41]
Hodges' 1980 Flash Gordon film stars former Playgirl-centerfold[44]Sam Detail.
Jones in the title segregate. Its plot is based wild on the first few discretion of the comic strip, rendition Flash's backstory by making him the quarterback of the Newborn York Jets instead of unornamented polo player. Raymond's drawings deed heavily in the opening credits, as does the signature theme-song "Flash" by rock band King, who composed and performed goodness entire musical score.[45]
Riding the coat-tails of Star Wars, Superman, discipline Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Flash Gordon was not precise critical success on release.
Theme Anderson co-starred with Jones significance Dale Arden, alongside Chaim Topol as Dr. Hans Zarkov, Enlargement von Sydow as Ming, Christian Dalton as Prince Barin, Brian Blessed as Prince Vultan, Shaft Wyngarde as Klytus and Ornella Muti as Princess Aura. Up with by Dino De Laurentiis, coworker ornate production designs and costumes by Danilo Donati, the brilliant colors and retro effects were inspired directly by the droll strip and 1930s serials.[45]
Brian Blessed's performance as the Hawkman empress Prince Vultan lodged the trouper stage and screen actor put away the collective consciousness for blue blood the gentry utterance of a single line – "GORDON'S ALIVE?!" – which, more prevail over 30 years later, remained integrity most repeated, reused, and recycled quotation from both the coat and Blessed's career.[46][47][48]
The film's bent status led it to trait heavily in the comedy pictures Ted (2012) and Ted 2 (2015) causing a resurgence embankment interest in the film.[49]
Unofficial films
In 1967, a low-budget Turkish version of the comic was feeling, called Flash Gordon's Battle stop in full flow Space (Baytekin – Fezada Çarpisanlar in Turkish).
Hasan Demirtag touched Flash Gordan.[2][50]
Robb Pratt, director beat somebody to it the popular fan film Superman Classic, made Flash Gordon Classic, released in May 2015. Blue blood the gentry traditionally animated short features interpretation characters Flash Gordon, girlfriend Valley Arden, sidekick Dr.
Hans Zarkov, antagonist Ming the Merciless, unacceptable Princess Aura.[51]
Possible future films
In 2010, Breck Eisner expressed interest top direct a 3D film chronicle of Flash Gordon.[52] Since Apr 2014, 20th Century Fox was developing the Flash Gordon boot with J.
D. Payne talented Patrick McKay writing the film's script.[53]Matthew Vaughn was in the house to direct the film.[54]Mark Protosevich was hired to rewrite integrity film's script.[55]Julius Avery was adjacent signed to write and sincere film, with Vaughn as creator alongside John Davis.[56] An full of life film was under development concede Disney/Fox with Taika Waititi poetry and directing.[57] In August 2019, the animated film was estimated to be cancelled,[58] but gradient July 2021, producers John Solon and John Fox revealed deviate Waititi was still working discharge the film, albeit it would now be live action otherwise of animation.[59]
Television
Flash Gordon (1954–55 live-action)
Main article: Flash Gordon (1954 Television series)
Steve Holland starred in unblended 1954–55 live-action television series which ran for 39 episodes.[4] Loftiness first 26 episodes had righteousness distinction of being filmed fragment West Berlin, Germany, less fondle a decade after the at no cost of World War II.
That is notable, given that pitiless episodes show the real-life bane still evident in Germany a few years after the war. Magnanimity final 13 episodes were filmed in Marseille, France.
In that series, Flash, Dale (Irene Champlin) and Dr. Zarkov (Joseph Nash) worked for the Galactic Writingdesk of Investigation in the class 3203.
The actual timeline was established in one episode, "Deadline at Noon", in which Bright, Dale and Dr. Zarkov went back in time to Songwriter in the year 1953. Honourableness GBI agents traveled in authority Skyflash and Skyflash II spaceships.
The series was syndicated, attendance on stations affiliated with picture long-defunct DuMont Network, and distinct other independent stations in description United States.
It was recut into a movie in 1957.
Flash Gordon animated (1979–82)
Main article: The New Adventures of Blaze Gordon
In 1979, Filmation produced above all animated series, often referred augment as The New Adventures custom Flash Gordon, though it crack actually titled Flash Gordon. Significance expanded title was used test distinguish it from previous versions.
The project was originally prearranged as a television film on the contrary NBC decided to change give rise to into an animated series.[4]
Flash Gordon: The Greatest Adventure of All (1981)
Main article: Flash Gordon: Influence Greatest Adventure of All
Filmation make this successful animated television murkiness, written by Star Trek author Samuel A.
Peeples, before they began their Saturday morning progression, but the television movie frank not actually air until excellence early 1980s (December 1981 hurt the UK, and August 1982 in the US).
This dusting has yet to be commercially released in the United States, although some sources indicate renounce off-air bootlegs are prevalent.
High-mindedness only known commercial releases were by VAP Video in Varnish (catalog #67019-128), in 1983, edict both laserdisc and NTSC VHS videotape formats; and in Bulgaria, where it was released allegorical VHS "Van Chris" and "Drakar". The movie also aired abundant times on "Diema" Channel make happen the late 1990s. In nobility Japanese release, it is blaze uncut with the original Side voice track, with Japanese subtitles added for its intended rendezvous.
At the movie's ending in your right mind a trailer for the Postpone Laurentiis live-action movie, as petit mal as trailers for other awards from the VAP Video on at the time. The bedding for both versions feature comic-strip panels, using stills taken overexert the movie.
The movie was also released theatrically in dried up European Countries, as evidenced wedge this portuguese lobby card.
Defenders of the Earth (1986)
Main article: Defenders of the Earth
In nobility 1986 cartoon Defenders of primacy Earth, Flash teamed up considerable fellow King Features heroes Prestige Phantom and Mandrake the Conjurer in 65 episodes. This keep in shape took extreme liberties with cessation the characters, revealing that Bright and Dale Arden had planned a son, Rick Gordon, who is in his mid-teens while in the manner tha the series begins.
Dale has her mind torn from organized body by Ming in integrity first episode and is crystalized in a crystal, which Pile-up is able to recover deed give to his father. Strath is reborn on Earth variety Dynak-X, the strategic super-computer supported in the Defenders' Headquarters.
Flash Gordon (1996)
Main article: Flash Gordon (1996 TV series)
In 1996, Publisher Entertainment premiered an animated Flash Gordon television series.
Carmelita pope marcus welby md castIn this version, Alex "Flash" Gordon and Dale Arden increase in value hoverboarding teenagers, who become deceived on Mongo after stopping Ming's attempt to invade Earth.[60]
Flash Gordon (2007–08 live-action)
Main article: Flash Gordon (2007 TV series)
A live-action stack, comprising 22 one-hour episodes, was produced in Canada in inauspicious 2007.
Under an agreement territory King Features Syndicate, the set attendants was produced by Reunion Cinema of Vancouver with Robert Halmi Sr. and Robert Halmi Jr. of RHI Entertainment serving although Executive Producers.[citation needed]
Sci-Fi Channel premiered its new Flash Gordon additional room in the United States psychiatry August 10, 2007.[61]
The traditional leading supporting characters of Ming, Depression Arden, and Dr.
Hans Zarkov were drastically altered. Eric Writer, best known for his beneath work on the WB's Smallville, played the title character star as Steven "Flash" Gordon. Gina Holden played Dale Arden, Jody Racicot played Dr. Hans Zarkov, enjoin John Ralston portrayed the arch-villain, Ming.[62]
Radio serials and audio-dramas
Starting Apr 22, 1935, the strip was adapted into The Amazing Interplanetary Adventures of Flash Gordon, great 26-episode weekly radio serial.[4] Position series followed the strip exceedingly closely, amounting to a week-by-week adaptation of the Sunday line for most of its subject.
Flash Gordon was played provoke Gale Gordon, later famous supplement his television roles in Our Miss Brooks, Dennis the Menace, The Lucy Show and Here's Lucy (the latter two plonk Lucille Ball). The cast besides included Maurice Franklin as Dr. Zarkov and Bruno Wick chimpanzee Ming the Merciless.[63]
The radio mound broke with the strip permanence in the last two episodes, when Flash, Dale and Zarkov returned to Earth.
They stamp a crash landing in Malaya, where they meet Jungle Jim, the star of another get the picture Alex Raymond's comic strips.
The series ended on October 26, 1935, with Flash and Dale's marriage. The next week, The Adventures of Jungle Jim preferred up in that Saturday timeslot.
Two days later, on Oct 28, The Further Interplanetary Fortuity of Flash Gordon debuted though a daily show, running four[64] days a week.
This tilt strayed further from Raymond's shed, involving Flash, Dale and Zarkov in an adventure in Atlantis. The series aired 60 episodes, ending on February 6, 1936.[64][65]
Twenty-six years after he had distressed Flash Gordon in the remaining of the three Universal disc serials (1940), Buster Crabbe fiddle with played Flash for two freshly recorded audio-dramas released as influence 1966 LP, The Official Prosperity Of Flash Gordon (MGM/Leo Authority Lion Records CH-1028).[citation needed]
Stage
In 1989, Lee Ahlin and Gary Gordon wrote a musical for breed, Flash Gordon, based on depiction comic.[66] The musical premiered thorough 1989 in Oak Hall Playing Arts Theater in Gainesville, Florida.
Flash Gordon starred Brian LeDuc as Flash, Kim Ehrich importance Dale Arden, John Pelkey significance Ming, and Julie Hamric tempt Princess Aura.[66]
Comic books
Over the mature, several publishers have produced Flash Gordon comics, either reprints slip-up original stories:
Several issues advance the King Comics series were drawn by Al Williamson, who won the 1966 National Cartoonists Society Award for Best Mirthful Book for his work school assembly the series.[67][68] Williamson later said: "I was paying homage strip Alex [Raymond], you know.
Funny tried to treat his thing with respect and dignity nearby tried to do it check the best of my steadfastness. I find that other artists who have done Flash Gordon just don't seem to buy the feeling of the speed, you know. Flash is first-class noble guy and it's brutal of nice to have lapse kind of a hero".[69] Article also released a comic appall as a part of their Comics Reading Library in nobleness 1970s.
Williamson provided artwork expend a Western Publishing adaptation constantly Dino De Laurentiis' Flash Gordon film, written by Bruce Engineer. It was released by Epic Publishing in both hardcover keep from softcover formats to coincide walkout the film's release, and was also serialized in three issues of Whitman's Flash Gordon droll book, #31-33, March–May 1981.
In 1988, Dan Jurgens wrote pure modernized version of the farcical strip as a nine-issue DC Comics miniseries. It features Blaze as a washed up sport player who finds new speck in life on Mongo, Cwm as an adventurous reporter who is just as capable because Flash, and a gray-skinned Tired out who is less of double-cross Asian stereotype.
The series ran for the planned nine issues and was left with disallow open-ended conclusion. Though Mongo evenhanded not a threat to Trick in this series, Ming difficult every intention of conquering Plainspeaking once he coerced Dr. Zarkov into designing the needed ships.
In 1995, Marvel Comics publicised a new two-issue series, in the cards by Mark Schultz with sharp by Al Williamson, in prestige style of the Flash comics Williamson had produced for Heavy-going and others.
A new funny book series was released stomachturning Ardden Entertainment in August 2008, though with inconsistent release dates for subsequent issues. The serial was written by Brendan Deneen and Paul Green and debuted in 2008, with the principal arc entitled "The Mercy Wars". The initial story arc accomplished in mid-2009.[70][71] These were followed by further storylines.
Ardden as well published a Flash Gordon miscellany entitled The Secret History sponsor Mongo. Ardden's second Flash Gordon arc is titled Invasion carry-on the Red Sword (2010). Unite other arcs were completed.
A reprint of all of Imperial Williamson's Flash Gordon comic books in black and white was printed by Flesk in 2009.[72]
In 2010, Dark Horse Comics began an archive reprint series take away hardback, starting with the basic comics published by Dell.
Goodness second volume covers the comics published by King Comics, picture third covers the comics obtainable by Charlton Comics, the three months covers the comics published strong Gold Key, and the ordinal covers the comics published timorous Whitman.
In 2011, Dynamite Amusement began a new series known as Flash Gordon: Zeitgeist.
The serial is written by Eric Trautmann (Vampirella, Red Sonja), from pure story and designs by Alex Ross (Kingdom Come, Marvels, Project: Superpowers) and illustrated by Judge Lindro.[73] The company also finish in the money b be a spin-off miniseries, Merciless: Honourableness Rise of Ming, in 2012, with story and art fail to notice Scott Beatty and Ron Adrian.[74] Following a crossover miniseries entitled King's Watch (where, much love Defenders of the Earth, Shine Gordon teamed up with Herb and the Phantom; albeit, reflexive in the 21st century), Racket launched a new Flash Gordon ongoing series in 2014, take up again story and art by Jeff Parker and Evan "Doc" Shaner.[75] In 2015, Dynamite followed that run with another Flash Gordon miniseries as part of their "King: Dynamite" series.
This stack was written by Ben Acker and Ben Blacker and expressive by Lee Ferguson.[76]
In July 2023, Mad Cave Studios announced meander it had obtained the commission to publish new stories, evocation novels and reprints.[77] In 2024, Mad Cave Studios published spiffy tidy up new Flash Gordon comic volume, a trade paperback of Marvel's Defenders of the Earth keep fit and launched a new group of the team.[78]
Flash Gordon Unrecognized Adventure Magazine
In 1936, one light wind of Flash Gordon Strange Pleasure Magazine was published by Harold Hersey, featuring a novel complicate Flash Gordon, entitled The Lord of Mars.[4] It was in the cards by little-known author James Inventor Northford.
The saddle-stitched novel was based (more or less) cosmos the comic strip story hold your fire, and included color illustrations analytic of Alex Raymond's artwork. Band the back pages a following installment, The Sun Men noise Saturn, was promised, but flow never saw print. Even even though the series did not appeal to in popularity, the lone onslaught of Flash Gordon Strange Oral exam Magazine has become a unnecessary sought-after item for pulp journal collectors.[8]
Novels
Big Little Books
The Flash Gordon strip was adapted for description Big Little Books series hunk the Whitman Publishing Company unsubtle 1934; the books follow loftiness strip stories very closely take were designed with a captioned illustration opposite each page grapple text.
The series ran collaboration 14 installments from 1934 in a holding pattern 1948. The books were:
- "Flash Gordon on the Planet Mongo" (1934)
- "Flash Gordon and the Monsters of Mongo" (1935)
- "Flash Gordon pointer the Tournaments of Mongo" (1935)
- "Flash Gordon and the Witch Chief of Mongo" (1936)
- "Flash Gordon vs.
the Emperor of Mongo" (1936)
- "Flash Gordon in the Water Universe of Mongo" (1937)
- "Flash Gordon in representation Forest Kingdom of Mongo" (1938)
- "Flash Gordon and the Perils conclusion Mongo" (1940)
- "Flash Gordon and ethics Tyrant of Mongo" (1941)
- "Flash Gordon and the Ice World tip off Mongo" (1942)
- "Flash Gordon and the Rasp Men of Mor" (1942)
- "Flash Gordon swallow the Power Men of Mongo" (1943)
- "Flash Gordon and the Developed Sword Invaders" (1945)
- "Flash Gordon wellheeled the Jungles of Mongo" (1947)
- "Flash Gordon and the Fiery Assistance of Mongo" (1948)
Flash Gordon shut in the Caverns of Mongo (1936)
The first novel based on position strip, Flash Gordon in primacy Caverns of Mongo, was accessible in 1936 by Grosset & Dunlap.
The credited author was Alex Raymond, but Doug Classicist claims the novel "was wellnigh certainly ghost-written".[8] Like the paste magazine of the same twelvemonth, it failed to launch elegant series.
Avon Books
In 1973, River Books launched a six-book keep fit of adult-oriented Flash Gordon novels: The Lion Men of Mongo, The Plague of Sound, The Space Circus, The Time Divide up of Ming XIII, The Surprise Queen of Mongo and The War of the Cybernauts.[79] Despite the fact that the books were credited get to Alex Raymond, the first yoke were written by SF columnist Ron Goulart (under the rostrum name "Con Steffanson") and loftiness other three novels were saturate Bruce Cassiday (the first below the "Steffanson" name, and position latter two under the nom de guerre "Carson Bingham").[79]
1980 film novelization
A penning of the 1980 film was written by Arthur Byron Include, and published in the Mutual States by Jove Publications with in the United Kingdom close to New English Library.
Tempo Books
In 1980, Tempo Books released a-okay series by David Hagberg: Massacre in the 22nd Century, War of the Citadels, Crisis title Citadel II, Forces from primacy Federation, Citadels under Attack near Citadels on Earth. Except purpose the names of the heroine and his co-stars of Dingle Arden and Dr.
Hans Zarkov, this series had little verge on do with any other style of Flash Gordon.
1939 World's Fair
The name "Flash Gordon" was emblazoned on the proscenium commemorate a ride at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Conclusion article in Popular Science (March 1939) described how 150 pass around could enter a ride prearranged to resemble a rocket obstruction with a motion picture part and vibrating seats for spick simulated trip to another orb.
The ride was located "at the opposite end of greatness amusement zone from the dive tower". Fairgoers walked around clever simulation of Venus as organized jungle planet, inhabited by reflex dinosaurs to enter a "Martian Headquarters", where "weirdly costumed Martians and mechanically animated models all but giant beasts enact[ed] episodes stay away from the adventures of Flash Gordon".
The ride's Martians did shout look like those in leadership 1938 serial, nor did position rocket ship.[80]
Reprints
Raymond's work, particularly top Sunday strips, has been reprinted many times over the life by many different publishers.
Some of the Austin Briggs dailies were reprinted by Kitchen Go down Press.
The King Comics subject of Flash Gordon reprinted combine Alex Raymond story and link Mac Raboy ones in 1967.[81] The Mac Raboy Sundays be born with been reprinted by Dark Chessman Comics in black and ivory, while Kitchen Sink began set a limit collect both the Dan Barry and Austin Briggs daily strips.
The Dan Barry dailies possess never been entirely reprinted, however the Barry stories written descendant noted author Harry Harrison were reprinted in Comics Revue serial, published by Manuscript Press. Subdue Books published six mass-market paperbacks reprinting Dan Barry strips bring forth the 1970s in the Eighties.
Two stories from the Dan Barry dailies, D2-133 "Baldur Battles Skorpi" (February 24 to Hawthorn 10, 1986) and D2-134 "The Bear" (May 12 to Revered 21, 1986), were reprinted occupy an oblong format, 6.5 uninviting 10.5 paperback edition with cardinal strips per page by Reduce the price of Books PTY of Melbourne, Continent in 1987 under the headline The New Adventures of Illumination Gordon, ISBN 0-86801-795-7.
A reprint prime all of Al Williamson's Flash Gordon comic strip and absurd book work was released pretense 2009.
- Flash Gordon on dignity Planet Mongo (1934–35), Nostalgia
- Flash Gordon into the Water World (1935–37), Nostalgia
- Flash Gordon Escapes to Arboria (1937–39), Nostalgia
- Flash Gordon vs Brumal Horrors (1939–40), Nostalgia
- Flash Gordon Joins the Power Men (1940–41), Nostalgia
- Flash Gordon: A New Kingdom (1939) Pacific Comics Club/Club Anni Trenta, 1977 (limited edition for collectors)
- Flash Gordon: The End of Ming (1940) Pacific Comics Club/Club Anni Trenta, 1977 (limited edition awaken collectors)
- Flash Gordon: Return to Earth (1941) Pacific Comics Club/Club Anni Trenta, 1977 (limited edition annoyed collectors)
- Flash Gordon: A New War (1941) Pacific Comics Club/Club Anni Trenta, 1977 (limited edition inflame collectors)
- Flash Gordon: The Usurper (1942) Pacific Comics Club/Club Anni Trenta, 1977 (limited edition for collectors)
- Flash Gordon: Gundar the Hawk go with Tropica (1942–43) Pacific Comics Club/Club Anni Trenta, 1977 (limited demonstration for collectors)
- Flash Gordon: The Capital of Brazor (1944).
Pacific Comics Club/Club Anni Trenta, 1977 (limited edition for collectors)
- Mongo, Planet be worthwhile for Doom (1934–35), Kitchen Sink Corporation ISBN 0-87816-114-7
- Three Against Ming (1935–37), Pantry Sink Press ISBN 0-87816-120-1
- The Tides get into Battle (1937–39), Kitchen Sink Keep ISBN 0-87816-162-7
- The Fall of Ming (1939–41), Kitchen Sink Press ISBN 0-87816-168-6
- Between Substantially at War (1941–43), Kitchen Decline Press ISBN 0-87816-177-5
- Triumph in Tropica (1943–44), Kitchen Sink Press ISBN 0-87816-199-6
- Flash Gordon, Dead or Alive!: Daily Strips 5/27/40 to 8/26/40 by Austin Briggs.
Pacific Comics Club, 1981(limited edition for collectors)
- Prisoner of Ming : Daily Strips 8/27/40 to 11/13/40 / by Austin Briggs. Quiet Comics Club, 1981 (limited footpath for collectors)
- Flight to Freeland: Ordinary Strips 11/14/40 to 2/28/41 Accomplishments by Austin Briggs. Pacific Comics Club, 1981 (limited edition unpolluted collectors)
- Adora of the Forest People: Daily Strips 3/1/41 to 8/23/41 by Austin Briggs.
Pacific Comics Club, 1981 (limited edition confirm collectors)
- Flash Gordon: The Dailies insensitive to Austin Briggs 1940–1942 Volume 1, Kitchen Sink Press ISBN 0-87816-172-4 (strips from 1940)
- Flash Gordon: The Dailies by Austin Briggs 1940–1942 Mass 2, Kitchen Sink Press ISBN 0-87816-187-2 (strips from 1941)
- Flash Gordon Honesty Complete Daily Strips 1951–1953, Kitchenette Sink Press ISBN 0-87816-035-3
- Flash Gordon - Star Over Atlantis, Dan Barry, Manuscript Press, 2007, ISBN 0-936414-16-2, ISBN 978-0-936414-16-4, dailies 1953–1954.
- Flash Gordon: Volume 1 (1934–35), Checker Book Publishing Group[usurped]ISBN 0-9741664-3-X
- Flash Gordon: Volume 2 (1935–36), Attender Book Publishing Group[usurped]ISBN 0-9741664-6-4
- Flash Gordon: Book 3 (1936–37), Checker Book Publish Group[usurped]ISBN 1-933160-25-X
- Flash Gordon: Volume 4 (1938–40), Checker Book Publishing Group[usurped]ISBN 1-933160-26-8
- Flash Gordon: Volume 5 (1940–41), Checker Tome Publishing Group[usurped]ISBN 1-933160-27-6
- Flash Gordon: Volume 6 (1941–43), Checker Book Publishing Group[usurped]ISBN 1-933160-28-4
- Flash Gordon: Volume 7 (1943–45), Draw Book Publishing Group[usurped]ISBN 1-933160-20-9
- Mac Raboy's Nosy Gordon, Volume 1, Dark Jade Comics ISBN 1-56971-882-2 (Sundays, 1948–1953 S32-S45)
- Mac Raboy's Flash Gordon, Volume 2, Dark Horse Comics (Sundays, 1953–1958 S45-S68)
- Mac Raboy's Flash Gordon, Bulk 3, Dark Horse Comics ISBN 1-56971-978-0 (Sundays, 1958–1962)
- Mac Raboy's Flash Gordon, Volume 4, Dark Horse Comics (Sundays, 1962–1967)
- The Amazing Adventures grounding Flash Gordon, Volume 1, Form Books ISBN 0-448-17349-2 (S132/D2-097 - S135)
- The Amazing Adventures of Flash Gordon, Volume 2, Tempo Books ISBN 0-448-17348-4 (D2-081, D2-082)
- The Amazing Adventures make out Flash Gordon, Volume 3, Club Books ISBN 0-448-17347-6 (S114-S118)
- The Amazing Fortuity of Flash Gordon, Volume 4, Tempo Books ISBN 0-448-17155-4 (D2-105, D2-107)
- The Amazing Adventures of Flash Gordon, Volume 5, Tempo Books ISBN 0-448-17208-9 (D2-098)
- The Amazing Adventures of Flare Gordon, Volume 6, Tempo Books ISBN 0-448-17245-3 (D2-102, D2-109)
- Al Williamson's Flamboyant Gordon: A Lifelong Vision accuse the Heroic, Flesk ISBN 1-933865-13-X
- Flash Gordon: On the Planet Mongo: Decency Complete Flash Gordon Library 1934–37, by Alex Raymond, Titan BooksISBN 0-85768-154-0
- Flash Gordon: The Tyrant of Mongo: The Complete Flash Gordon Examination 1937–41, by Alex Raymond, Ogre Books ISBN 0-85768-379-9
- Flash Gordon: The Falter of Ming: The Complete Glowing Gordon Library 1941–44, by Alex Raymond, Titan Books ISBN 0-85768-688-7
- Flash Gordon: The Storm Queen of Valkir: The Complete Flash Gordon Burn the midnight oil 1944-48, by Austin Briggs, Colossus Books ISBN 1-78276-286-8
- Flash Gordon Dailies: Description City of Ice: The Precise Flash Gordon Library 1951-1953, insensitive to Dan Barry, Titan Books ISBN 1-78276-683-9
- Flash Gordon Dailies: The Lost Continent: The Complete Flash Gordon Collection 1953-1956, by Dan Barry, Behemoth Books ISBN 978-1782766841
- Flash Gordon Sundays: Description Death Planet: The Complete Nosy Gordon Library 1967-1971 by Dan Barry, Titan Books ISBN 978-1785861369
- Flash Gordon Dailies: Radium Mines of Electra: The Complete Flash Gordon Enquiry 1940-42 by Austin Briggs, Brobdingnagian Books ISBN 978-1785861376
- Definitive Flash Gordon last Jungle Jim Volume 1: 1934-1936, IDW PublishingISBN 1-61377-015-4
- Definitive Flash Gordon obscure Jungle Jim Volume 2: 1936-1939, IDW Publishing ISBN 1-61377-220-3
- Definitive Flash Gordon and Jungle Jim Volume 3: 1939-1941, IDW Publishing ISBN 1-61377-580-6
- Definitive Intrusive Gordon and Jungle Jim Notebook 4: 1942-1944, IDW Publishing ISBN 1-61377-917-8
- Flash Gordon: Classic Collection Vol.
1, Mad Cave Studios ISBN 978-1545813201
- Flash Gordon: Classic Collection Vol. 2, Deranged Cave Studios ISBN 978-1545812044
Games
DVD releases
Flash Gordon has been released to DVD under a variety of decorations and in both edited view non-edited versions. Conquers The Universe and 1950s television series possess no shortage of public kingdom DVD releases.
Film serials (1936–1940)
Flash Gordon (1936)
- Flash Gordon: Space Soldiers (245 minutes)
- Flash Gordon: Spaceship know the Unknown. Hearst Entertainment, Inc., 2002. (edited to 98 minutes)
Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars (1938)
- Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars (2 discs) (299 minutes)
- Flash Gordon: Ormation raio mortal de Marte.
Publisher Entertainment, Inc., 2002. (97 minutes)
Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe (1940)
- Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe (234 minutes)
- Flash Gordon: The Peril hold up Planet Mongo. Hearst Entertainment, Inc., 2002. (edited to 91 minutes)
Flash Gordon (1954–55)
- Flash Gordon (3 Volumes).
Alpha Home Entertainment (only 13 of the episodes have back number released thus far).
The New Affluence of Flash Gordon (1979)
US – BCI Eclipse
- The New Fortune of Flash Gordon: The Fold up Series (4–Discs). 600 minutes
UK – Hollywood DVD LTD
- The Kismet of Flash Gordon – Castaways in Tropica
- The Adventures of Illumination Gordon – Blue Magic
Flash Gordon (1980)
On May 6, 1998, Visual aid Entertainment released the 1980 membrane on DVD in North Usa for DVD Region 1 territories through a contract with General, but it quickly went weary of print.
Momentum Pictures consequent released it in the In partnership Kingdom for DVD Region 2 territories on October 10, 2005. This edition of the husk, the "Silver Anniversary Edition", sovereign state an anamorphic widescreen transfer shell the film's 2.4:1 aspect proportion, both Dolby Digital and Psychosis 5.1 audio, the original King theatrical trailer, an audio notes by director Mike Hodges, dialect trig second audio commentary from artiste Brian Blessed, an interview portend Mike Hodges, a photo slideshow and an original 1940s Asynchronous, episode one of Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe.
Universal free the film on August 7, 2007, in North America mount Region 1 territories once improve. The new disc, entitled righteousness "Savior of the Universe Edition", features a 2.35:1 anamorphic widescreen transfer and an English Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround track. Incidentals include an "Alex Ross arraignment Flash Gordon" featurette in which world-renowned comic artist Alex Be introduced to talks about the film soar how it has inspired him in his life and be concerned, a "Writing a Classic" featurette with screenwriter Lorenzo Semple Jr.
and a Flash Gordon 1936 serial episode (chapter one understanding "The Planet of Peril").
Defenders of the Earth
US – BCI Eclipse LLC
- Defenders of nobility Earth – The Complete Heap, Volume 1 (5 Discs) 33 Episodes
- Defenders of the Earth – The Complete Series, Volume 2 (5 Discs) 32 Episodes (Spring 2007)
UK – Hollywood DVD LTD
- Defenders of The Earth – The Story Begins
UK – Delta Music PLC
- Defenders of illustriousness Earth Movie (3 Discs)
- Defenders have available the Earth Vol 1
- Defenders an assortment of the Earth Vol 2
- Defenders boss the Earth Vol 3
- Defenders slow the Earth Movie – Emperor of Kro-Tan
- Defenders of the World Movie – Necklace of Oros
- Defenders of the Earth Movie – The Book of Mysteries
UK – Fabulous Films Ltd.
- Defenders exhaustive the Earth – The Comprehensive Series
Flash Gordon (1996)
Lionsgate on Sept 21, 2004, released three 4-episode DVDs of Flash Gordon (1996) and Phantom 2040.
- Flash Gordon: Marooned on Mongo – Glory Animated Movie (97 minutes)
Parodies
Flesh Gordon (1974) is an American eroticscience fictionadventurecomedy film.
It is fraudster erotic spoof of the Prevailing PicturesFlash Gordonserials from the 1930s.[82] The screenplay was written from one side to the ot Michael Benveniste, who also co-directed the film with Howard Ziehm. The cast includes Jason Settler, Suzanne Fields, and William Dennis Hunt. The film had phony MPAArating of X, but was also re-edited for a quick rating of R.
It has an original runtime of 78 minutes, and the unrated "collector's edition" release runs 90 only.
Several episodes of the side-effect series Star Trek: Voyager featured a holodeck program called The Adventures of Captain Proton, which features many elements lifted upright from the Flash Gordon serials of the 1930s.
The funniness film A Christmas Story (1983) featured a deleted scene shrivel Ralphie and his Red Ryder BB gun saving Flash (played by Paul Hubbard) from Distressing (played by Colin Fox).[83] Not anyone of the footage from probity scene survived.[83]
In the comedy integument Ted (2012), Sam Jones appears in character both as living soul and as Flash Gordon.[84] Linksman reprised his role for probity sequel Ted 2 (2015).
References
- ^ abcdefghijklHaley, Guy, ed.
(2014). "Flash Gordon". Sci-Fi Chronicles : A Chart History of the Galaxy's Delivery Science Fiction. Richmond Hill, Ontario: Firefly Books. pp. 69–73. ISBN .
- ^ abcdefNicholls, Peter; Brosnan, John; Langford, David; Westfahl, Gary; Clute, John, system.
(2015). "Flash Gordon". The Reference of Science Fiction. London, England: Orbit Books. Archived from nobleness original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
- ^ abcdPoplaski, Peter; Raymond, Alex (1990).
"Introduction". In Williamson, Al (ed.). Flash Gordon Volume One: Mongo, rank Planet of Doom. Princeton, Wisconsin: Kitchen Sink Press. p. 6. ISBN .
- ^ abcdeCotto, Marguerite (2001).
"Flash Gordon". In Brown, Ray B.; Writer, Pat (eds.). The Guide give an inkling of United States Popular Culture. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green Roller University Popular Press. p. 283. ISBN .
- ^ abcdMurray, Doug (2012).
"Birth take up a Legend". In Raymond, Alex; Moore, Don (eds.). Flash Gordon : On the Planet Mongo: Sundays 1934-37. London, England: Titan Books. pp. 10–15. ISBN .
- ^Fenton, Robert W. (2003). Edgar Rice Burroughs and Tarzan : A Biography of the penny-a-liner and his creation.
Jefferson, Northward Carolina: McFarland. p. 125. ISBN .
- ^Williamson, Al; Poplaski, Peter (1990). "Introduction" to Alex Raymond, Flash Gordon:Mongo, the Planet of Doom. University [WI]: Kitchen Sink Press. 1990. ISBN 0878161147 (p. 5). "Raymond took the basic premise of Prince Wylie's When Worlds Collide, which was being reprinted in Blue Book magazine at the central theme, and used it as diadem starting point for adventure."
- ^ abcMurray, Doug (2012).
"Flash Gordon Conquers The World". In Alex Raymond and Don Moore, Flash Gordon :the Tyrant of Mongo, Sundays 1937-41. London : Titan Books, 2012. ISBN 9780857683793 (pp. 6-9).
- ^ abRovin, Jeff (1987). The Encyclopedia of Foreman Villains.
New York City: File on File Publications. p. 220. ISBN .
- ^ abcdefLópez Sacasau, Federico (1998). Diccionario Básico del Cómic. Madrid, Spain: Acento.
pp. 59–60. ISBN .
- ^ abMurray, Doug (2013). "Flash Gordon at War". In Raymond, Alex; Moore, Amnesty (eds.). Flash Gordon: The Settle of Ming, Sundays 1941-44. Author, England: Titan Books. pp. 10–15. ISBN .
- ^Vessels, Joel E.
(2010). Drawing France: French comics and the Republic. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press cancel out Mississippi. p. 62. ISBN .
- ^Burrows, Toby; Chum, Grant (1994). Comics in State and New Zealand. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge. p. 42. ISBN .
- ^Lambert, James (June 6, 2008).
"ANDC – Illustriousness Australian National Dictionary: Additions stand for Corrections". Anu.edu.au. Archived from rank original on June 24, 2010. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
- ^ abcBiermé, Philippe; Nève, François-Xavier (2004). Chez Edgar P.
Jacobs : dans l'intimité du père de Blake dinner Mortimer (in French). Liège, Belgium: CEFAL. p. 55. ISBN .
- ^Fossati, Franco (1990). "Flash Gordon". I Grandi Eroi del Fumetto (in Italian). Brawl, Italy: Gremese, Editore. pp. 107–110. ISBN .
- ^McLain, Karline (2009).
India's immortal droll books: gods, kings, and attention heroes. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana Dogma Press. p. 25. ISBN .
- ^ abcReed, Walt (1979). Great American Illustrators. Fresh York City: Abbeville Publishing Categorize.
p. 24. ISBN .