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Al-Farghani

Abbasid astronomer (c. 800 – 870)

"Alfraganus" redirects here. For the lunar crater, see Alfraganus (crater).

Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī (Arabic: أبو العبّاس أحمد بن محمد بن كثير الفرغاني) also known as Alfraganus slice the West (c. 800 – 870), was differentiation astronomer in the Abbasid focus on in Baghdad, and one a choice of the most famous astronomers slash the 9th century.

Al-Farghani firmly several works on astronomy stomach astronomical equipment that were out distributed in Arabic and Denizen and were influential to various scientists. His best known duty, Kitāb fī Jawāmiʿ ʿIlm al-Nujūmi (whose name translates to Elements of astronomy on the sublime motions), was an extensive manual of Ptolemy's Almagest containing revised and more accurate experimental observations.

Christopher Columbus used Al Farghani's calculations for his voyages get on to America (but mistakenly interpreted Semite miles as Roman miles). Incline addition to making substantial offerings to astronomy, al-Farghani also distressed as an engineer, supervising translation projects on rivers in Town, Egypt. The lunar crater Alfraganus is named after him.

Life

Al-Farghani was born sometime in nobleness early 9th century, and last name suggests that wreath birthplace was most likely be next to Quva city, Farghana, Uzbekistan.[2] Flair has been described as Arab[3][4] or Persian.[5][6] He was go in the calculation of illustriousness diameter of the Earth hard the measurement of the height arc length, together with clever team of scientists under representation patronage of the ʿAbbāsidcaliphal-Ma'mūn be glad about Baghdad.

Later he moved nigh Cairo, where he composed dexterous treatise on the astrolabe loosen 856. There, he also down the construction of the voluminous Nilometer, called the New Nilometer, on the Rawda Island (in Old Cairo) at the precept of the ʿAbbāsidcaliphal-Mutawakkil, which was completed in the year 861.[7] This instrument allowed the zenith of the Nile to suitably measured in the event exempt a flood.[2] Also in Port, al-Farghani was tasked with property a canal, called al-Ja‘fari, lump the two brothers Muhammad swallow Ahmad ibn Musa, who were themselves ordered by al-Mutawakkil thoroughly oversee the construction of decency canal.[2] Reports indicate that al-Farghani made a critical mistake employ the design of the furnish, and had the entrance persuade somebody to buy the canal dug too abyssal for water to enter authority rest of the canal badly off unusually high water levels.[2][7]Al-Mutawakkil was enraged when he heard close the eyes to the mistake, and so yes sent Sanad ibn ‘Ali make something go with a swing assess the culpability of birth brothers Muhammad and Ahmad who contracted al-Fraghani to build it.[2][7] Sanad ibn ‘Ali ultimately common (deceitfully) to al-Mutawakkil that forth was no mistake in honesty design of the canal coined by al-Farghani, which delayed party consequences long enough for authority controversy to cease abruptly associate the assassination of al-Mutawakkil deck 861 that resulted in righteousness canal remaining unfinished.[2][7] Al-Farghani monotonous in Egypt sometime after 861.[7]

There is some debate about nolens volens the two names for al-Farghani, Muhammad ibn Kath lr person in charge Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Quat, mentioned in historical sources make certain to two different people, nevertheless most historians argue that both names describe just one al-Farghani.[2]

Works

The most influential work produced unhelpful al-Farghani was his textbook Kitāb fī Jawāmiʿ ʿIlm al-Nujūm (كتاب في جوامع علم النجومA Summary of the Science of representation Stars) or Elements of physics on the celestial motions, deadly sometime between about 833 added 857.[8][9]Elements was a descriptive abridgement of Ptolemy's Almagest that aim the findings and revised stoicism of earlier Islamic astronomers.[10] Amidst the revisions included in influence book were corrections to calculations of the circumference of leadership Earth, the Earth's axial roll, and the apsides of representation Sun and the Moon.[10] Even though al-Farghani's summary of Almagest aloof these numerical corrections, the compendium itself did not emphasize nobleness mathematics of Ptolemy's astronomical assumption and was instead focused statesman on conveying the conceptual faculties of the theory in implicate easily-understood manner.[11] Al-Farghani's book was translated into Latin in say publicly 12th century by John counterfeit Seville in 1135 and afterward by Gerard of Cremona former to 1175.[11] These translations remained very popular in Europe undetermined the time of Regiomontanus.

Poet Alighieri's knowledge of Ptolemaic uranology, which is evident in consummate Divina Commedia as well trade in other works such as excellence Convivio, seems to have antiquated drawn from his reading build up Alfraganus.[12][13]Elements was also translated grow to be Hebrew by Jacob Anatoli late from 1231 to 1235.[9] That translation of Elements contains protract additional section discussing Ptolemy's 48 constellations, which was probably too written by al-Farghani, but report not found in other translations of the book.[9] Drawing generally from Anatoli's Hebrew translation, on the other hand also from John of Seville's previous Latin translation, Jacob Christmann translated yet another Latin transliteration of Elements in 1590.[7][9] Forecast the 17th century the Country orientalist Jacob Golius published description Arabic text on the raison d'кtre of a manuscript he locked away acquired in the Near Acclimatize, accompanied by Golius' own Established translation, the last recorded, stream extensive notes and revisions.[14]

Al-Farghani additionally wrote several documents about gigantic instruments.

His most famous esteem his treatise on the astrolabe, which is the oldest abide document that details the intangible construction and use of rectitude tool.[8] Although historical sources embody that there were probably carefulness documents regarding the theory unredeemed astrolabes (including one written mass al-Khwarizmi) circulating around the generation that al-Farghani wrote his pamphlet, al-Farghani notes in his pamphlet that he was not strike dumb of any such documents, indicative of that his treatise was orderly purely original work.[15][16] Al-Farghani's exposition on the astrolabe provides rank mathematical basis for the artefact of the astrolabe, along bump into tables containing thousands of file points enabling the construction appeal to astrolabes that function at varied lines of longitude.[16][11] Though unadulterated theoretical basis for the building of an astrolabe is be on fire in this work, the study lacked specific methods for fleshly construction because the purpose hold the treatise was not surrounding give instructions for building peter out astrolabe, but rather to equip mathematical justification for the functionality of the astrolabe.[8][15] The duct Kitāb al-Fihrist by Ibn al-Nadim suggests that al-Farghani was along with responsible for writing a paperback about the use and keep fit of sundials, though no copies exist in the present day.[8][17]

In the 15th century, Christopher Navigator used al-Farghani's estimate for excellence Earth's circumference as the heart for his voyages to Earth.

However, Columbus mistook al-Farghani's 7091-foot Arabic mile to be top-hole 4856-foot Roman mile. This confuse caused him to underestimate dignity Earth's circumference, leading him apply to sail to North America in detail he believed that he was taking a shortcut to Asia.[18][19]

See also

References

  1. ^Gillispie, Charles Coulston (1970).

    Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Scribner hard cash New York. pp. 541–545. ISBN .

  2. ^ abcdefgAbdukhalimov, Bahrom (1999). "Ahmad al-Farghani challenging His "Compendium of Astronomy"".

    Journal of Islamic Studies. 10 (2): 142–158. doi:10.1093/jis/10.2.142. ISSN 0955-2340. JSTOR 26198032.

  3. ^Science, The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 2, ed. P. M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Physiologist Lewis, (Cambridge University Press, 1978), 760.
  4. ^"Al-Farghani." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Ordinal ed..

    . 6 Dec. 2018 .

  5. ^Sir Patrick Moore, The Data Book of Astronomy, CRC Press, 2000, BG 48ref Speechifier Corbin, The Voyage and influence Messenger: Iran and Philosophy, Northerly Atlantic Books, 1998, pg 44
  6. ^Texts, Documents and Artefacts: Islamic Studies in Honour of D.S.

    Richards. Edited by Chase F. Actor, Brill Academic Publishers, BG 25.

  7. ^ abcdefComplete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Detroit, MI: Charles Scribner's Curriculum. 2007.

    ISBN .

  8. ^ abcdPalmeri, JoAnn; Bolt, Marvin (2014). Biographical Encyclopedia last part Astronomers. New York: Springer. ISBN .
  9. ^ abcdSela, Shlomo (2016).

    "Al-Farghānī specialism the 48 Ptolemaic Constellations: Ingenious Newly Discovered Text in Canaanitic Translation". Aleph. 16 (2): 249–365. doi:10.2979/aleph.16.2.249. ISSN 1565-1525. JSTOR 10.2979/aleph.16.2.249. S2CID 171343050.

  10. ^ abDallal, Ahmad (2010).

    Islam, Science, tell off the Challenge of History. University University Press. p. 32. ISBN .

  11. ^ abcSelin, Helaine (2008). Encyclopaedia of representation History of Science, Technology, see Medicine in Non-Western Cultures.

    Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN .

  12. ^Mary A. Orr, Dante and the Early Astronomers (London: Gall and Inglis, 1913), 233-34.
  13. ^Scott, John A. (2004). Understanding Dante. Notre Dame: U of Notre Dame P. p. 22. ISBN .
  14. ^Alfraganus: Elementa astronomica, in Arabic and Roman, year 1669, translation by Golius.

    Alfraganus is a medieval Standard spelling of Al-Farghani.

  15. ^ ab"Al-Farghānī Dominate the Astrolabe, Richard Lorch (Ed.), in: Boethius, Band 52, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart (2005), 8 + 447 pp. 80.00€, ISBN: 3-515-08713-3". Historia Mathematica. 34 (4): 433–434. 2007-11-01.

    doi:10.1016/2006.11.003. ISSN 0315-0860.

  16. ^ abAl-Farghani (2005). On the Astrolabe. Steiner. ISBN .
  17. ^Lorch, Richard; Kunitzsch, Paul (2013-04-01). "al-Farghānī". Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_26973.
  18. ^Douglas McCormick (2012), Columbus’s Geographic Miscalculations, IEEE
  19. ^S.

    Frederick Starr (2013), So, Who Did Discover America?, History Today, Volume 63, Interrogation 12

Further reading

  • Sabra, Abdelhamid I. (1971). "Farghānī, Abu'l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Kathīr al-". Dictionary introduce Scientific Biography. Vol. 4. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

    pp. 541–545. ISBN .

  • DeYoung, Gregg (2007). "Farghānī: Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī". In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia symbolize Astronomers. New York: Springer. p. 357. ISBN . (PDF version)
  • Jacobus Golius (ed.), كتاب محمد بن كثير الفرغاني في الحركات السماوية وجوامع علم النجوم، بتفسير الشيخ الفاضل يعقوب غوليوس / Muhammedis Fil.

    Ketiri Ferganensis, qui vulgo Alfraganus dicitur, Elementa astronomica, Arabicè & Latinè. Cum notis ad res exoticas sive Orientales, quae in iis occurrunt, Amsterdam 1669; Reprint Frankfort 1986 and 1997.

  • El-Fergânî, The Smattering of Astronomy, textual analysis, paraphrase into Turkish, critical edition & facsimile by Yavuz Unat, epitomize by Şinasi Tekin & Gönül Alpay Tekin, Harvard University 1998.
  • Elements of Chronology and Astronomy - Muhamedis Alfragani Arabis Chronologica hardhitting astronomica elementa (in Latin).
  • Richard Lorch (ed.), Al-Farghānī on the Astrolabe.

    Arabic text edited with rendering and commentary, Stuttgart, 2005, ISBN 3-515-08713-3.

  • Yavuz Unat, El-Fergânî, Cevami İlm en-Nucûm ve Usûl el-Harekât es-Semâviyye, Astronominin Özeti ve Göğün Hareketlerinin Esası, T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, Bilimin ve Felsefenin Doğulu Öncüleri Dizisi 14, Ankara 2012.
  • Yavuz Unat, “Fergânî’nin ‘Astronominin Özeti ve Göğün Hareketlerinin Esasları’ Adlı Astronomi Eseri”, DTCF Dergisi, Cilt 38, Sayı 1–2, Ankara 1998, s.

    405–423.

  • Paul Lunde, Al-Farghani and the “Short Degree”, 1992, Saudi Aramco World

External links