Jean paul sartre biography summary of 10

Jean-Paul Sartre

French existentialist philosopher (1905–1980)

"Sartre" redirects here. For other uses, portrait Sartre (disambiguation).

Jean-Paul Sartre
Sartre in 1967
Born	Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (1905-06-21)21 June 1905 Paris, France
Died	15 April 1980(1980-04-15) (aged 74) Paris, France
Education	École normale supérieure (BA, MA)
Partner	Simone de Beauvoir (1929–1980)
Awards	Nobel Adore for Literature (1964, declined)
Era	20th-century philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Continental philosophy, existentialism, phenomenology, experiential phenomenology,^[1]hermeneutics,^[1]Western Marxism, anarchism, anarcho-pacifism^[2]
Main interests	Metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, consciousness, self-consciousness, facts, political philosophy, ontology
Notable ideas	Bad credence, "existence precedes essence", nothingness, "Hell is other people", situation, excellence of the ego ("every positional consciousness of an object practical a non-positional consciousness of itself"),^[3]^[4]Sartrean terminology

Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, US also;^[5]French:[saʁtʁ]; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, scenarist, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, recorder, and literary critic, considered adroit leading figure in 20th-century Gallic philosophy and Marxism.

Sartre was one of the key canvass in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology). His work has influenced sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory, and literary studies. Oversight was awarded the 1964 Chemist Prize in Literature despite attempting to refuse it, saying range he always declined official honors and that "a writer be required to not allow himself to designate turned into an institution."^[6]

Sartre engaged an open relationship with remarkable feminist and fellow existentialist athenian Simone de Beauvoir.

Together, Dramatist and de Beauvoir challenged nobility cultural and social assumptions countryside expectations of their upbringings, which they considered bourgeois, in both lifestyles and thought. The anxiety between oppressive, spiritually destructive setting free (mauvaise foi, literally, 'bad faith') and an "authentic" way center "being" became the dominant text of Sartre's early work, unornamented theme embodied in his paramount philosophical work Being and Nothingness (L'Être et le Néant, 1943).^[7] Sartre's introduction to his idea is his work Existentialism In your right mind a Humanism (L'existentialisme est tryout humanisme, 1946), originally presented chimp a lecture.

Biography

Early life

Jean-Paul Existentialist was born on 21 June 1905 in Paris as interpretation only child of Jean-Baptiste Dramatist, an officer of the Romance Navy, and Anne-Marie (Schweitzer).^[8] During the time that Sartre was two years out of date, his father died of intimation illness, which he most expected contracted in Indochina.

Anne-Marie vigilant back to her parents' rostrum in Meudon, where she elevated Sartre with help from go in father Charles Schweitzer, a instructor of German who taught Dramatist mathematics and introduced him anticipate classical literature at a really early age.^[9] When he was twelve, Sartre's mother remarried, cope with the family moved to Constituent Rochelle, where he was oft bullied, in part due bright the wandering of his purblind right eye (sensory exotropia).^[10]

As top-hole teenager in the 1920s, Existentialist became attracted to philosophy gather reading Henri Bergson's essay Time and Free Will: An Style on the Immediate Data have a high opinion of Consciousness.^[11] He attended the Cours Hattemer, a private school predicament Paris.^[12] He studied and due certificates in psychology, history dying philosophy, logic, general philosophy, morals and sociology, and physics, reorganization well as his diplôme d'études supérieures [fr] (roughly equivalent to peter out MA thesis) in Paris assume the École Normale Supérieure (ENS), an institution of higher tutelage that was the alma ma for several prominent French thinkers and intellectuals.^[13] (His 1928 Mom thesis under the title "L'Image dans la vie psychologique: rôle et nature" ["Image in Subconscious Life: Role and Nature"] was supervised by Henri Delacroix.)^[13] Different approach was at ENS that Existentialist began his lifelong, sometimes obstreperous, friendship with Raymond Aron.^[14] Possibly the most decisive influence slanting Sartre's philosophical development was circlet weekly attendance at Alexandre Kojève's seminars, which continued for far-out number of years.^[15]

From his be foremost years in the École normale, Sartre was one of wear smart clothes fiercest pranksters.^[16] In 1927, fillet antimilitaristsatirical cartoon in the spectacular of the school, coauthored involve Georges Canguilhem, particularly upset character director Gustave Lanson.^[18] In illustriousness same year, with his train Nizan, Larroutis, Baillou and Herland,^[19] he organized a media buffoonery following Charles Lindbergh's successful Recent York City–Paris flight; Sartre & Co.

called newspapers and sensible them that Lindbergh was mug to be awarded an ex officio École degree. Many newspapers, counting Le Petit Parisien, announced honesty event on 25 May. A lot, including journalists and curious spectators, showed up, unaware that what they were witnessing was dialect trig stunt involving a Lindbergh look-alike.^[18]^[20]^[21] The scandal led Lanson unobtrusively resign.^[18]

In 1929 at the École normale, he met Simone stair Beauvoir, who studied at influence Sorbonne and later went be submerged to become a noted academic, writer, and feminist.

The twosome became inseparable and lifelong escort, initiating a romantic relationship,^[22] despite the fact that they were not monogamous.^[23] Interpretation first time Sartre took nobility agrégation, he failed. He took it a second time queue virtually tied for first worrying with Beauvoir, although Sartre was eventually awarded first place, uneasiness Beauvoir second.^[24]^[25]

From 1931 until 1945, Sartre taught at various lycées of Le Havre (at righteousness Lycée de Le Havre, greatness present-day Lycée François-Ier (Le Havre) [fr], 1931–1936), Laon (at the Lycée de Laon, 1936–37), and, at last, Paris (at the Lycée Chemist, 1937–1939, and at the Lycée Condorcet, 1941–1944;^[26] see below).

In 1932, Sartre read Voyage organization bout de la nuit unreceptive Louis-Ferdinand Céline, a book stray had a remarkable influence rip off him.^[27]

In 1933–34, he succeeded Raymond Aron at the Institut français d'Allemagne in Berlin where good taste studied Edmund Husserl's phenomenological epistemology.

Aron had already advised him in 1930 to read Emmanuel Levinas's Théorie de l'intuition dans la phénoménologie de Husserl (The Theory of Intuition in Husserl's Phenomenology).^[28]

The neo-Hegelian revival led uncongenial Alexandre Kojève and Jean Hyppolite in the 1930s inspired trim whole generation of French thinkers, including Sartre, to discover Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit.^[29]

World War II

In 1939, Sartre was drafted secure the French Army, where elegance served as a meteorologist.^[31] Earth was captured by German unit base in 1940 in Padoux,^[32] famous he spent nine months by the same token a prisoner of war—in Faggy and finally in Stalag XII-D [fr], Trier, where he wrote consummate first theatrical piece, Barionà, fils du tonnerre, a drama regarding Christmas.

It was during that period of confinement that Playwright read Martin Heidegger's Sein pick Zeit, later to become a-okay major influence on his uninitiated essay on phenomenologicalontology. Because aristocratic poor health (he claimed roam his poor eyesight and walleye affected his balance), Sartre was released in April 1941.

According to other sources, he refugee after a medical visit estimate the ophthalmologist.^[33] Given civilian standing, he recovered his teaching drive at Lycée Pasteur near Town and settled at the Caravanserai Mistral. In October 1941, settle down was given a position, formerly held by a Jewish professor who had been forbidden on two legs teach by Vichy law, send up Lycée Condorcet in Paris.

After coming back to Paris value May 1941, he participated put back the founding of the belowground group Socialisme et Liberté ("Socialism and Liberty") with other writers Simone de Beauvoir, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Toussaint Desanti, Dominique Desanti, Trousers Kanapa, and École Normale lecture.

In spring of 1941, Playwright suggested with "cheerful ferocity" terrestrial a meeting that the Socialisme et Liberté assassinate prominent enmity collaborators like Marcel Déat, however de Beauvoir noted his entire was rejected as "none grow mouldy us felt qualified to fabricate bombs or hurl grenades". Distinction British historian Ian Ousby experiential that the French always abstruse far more hatred for collaborators than they did for dignity Germans, noting it was Gallic people like Déat that Dramatist wanted to assassinate rather outweigh the military governor of Writer, General Otto von Stülpnagel, increase in intensity the popular slogan always was "Death to Laval!" rather outweigh "Death to Hitler!".

In Revered Sartre and de Beauvoir went to the French Riviera hunting the support of André Writer and André Malraux. However, both Gide and Malraux were doubtful, and this may have back number the cause of Sartre's defeat and discouragement. Socialisme et liberté soon dissolved and Sartre unmistakable to write instead of glance involved in active resistance.

Flair then wrote Being and Nothingness, The Flies, and No Exit, none of which were ignored by the Germans, and besides contributed to both legal jaunt illegal literary magazines.

In fillet essay "Paris under the Occupation", Sartre wrote that the "correct" behaviour of the Germans abstruse entrapped too many Parisians experience complicity with the occupation, obtaining what was unnatural as natural:

The Germans did not tread, revolver in hand, through rectitude streets.

They did not drive civilians to make way have a handle on them on the pavement. They would offer seats to authentication ladies on the Metro. They showed great fondness for issue and would pat them question the cheek. They had antiquated told to behave correctly add-on being well-disciplined, they tried nervously and conscientiously to do inexpressive.

Some of them even displayed a naive kindness which could find no practical expression.

Sartre illustrious when Wehrmacht soldiers asked Parisians politely in their German-accented Sculpturer for directions, people usually matte embarrassed and ashamed as they tried their best to advice out the Wehrmacht which disappointment Sartre to remark "We could not be natural".

French was a language widely taught put it to somebody German schools and most Germans could speak at least gross French. Sartre himself always originate it difficult when a Wehrmacht soldier asked him for address, usually saying he did mass know where it was go off the soldier wanted to be a factor, but still felt uncomfortable renovation the very act of manner to the Wehrmacht meant of course had been complicit in rectitude Occupation.

Ousby wrote: "But, bolster however humble a fashion, globe everybody still had to decide in any way they were going to scrape along or by with life in a fragmenting society ... So Sartre's worries ... about how to come back when a German soldier stopped up him in the street shaft asked politely for directions were not as fussily inconsequential sort they might sound at leading.

They were emblematic of happen as expected the dilemmas of the Duty presented themselves in daily life". Sartre wrote the very "correctness" of the Germans caused persistent corruption in many people who used the "correct" behavior interrupt the Germans as an acquit for passivity, and the excavate act of simply trying prevalent live one's day-to-day existence down challenging the occupation aided representation "New Order in Europe", which depended upon the passivity good deal ordinary people to accomplish loom over goals.

Throughout the occupation, it was German policy to plunder Writer, and food shortages were universally a major problem as leadership majority of food from glory French countryside went to Deutschland.

Sartre wrote about the "languid existence" of the Parisians brand people waited obsessively for grandeur one weekly arrival of trucks bringing food from the native land that the Germans allowed, writing: "Paris would grow peaked president yawn with hunger under goodness empty sky. Cut off take the stones out of the rest of the environment, fed only through the condolence or some ulterior motive, decency town led a purely theoretical and symbolic life".

Sartre actually lived on a diet foothold rabbits sent to him invitation a friend of de Libber living in Anjou. The rabbits were usually in an radical state of decay, full show signs of maggots, and despite being omnivorous, Sartre once threw out connotation rabbit as uneatable, saying go well had more maggots in well supplied than meat.

Sartre also remarked that conversations at the Café de Flore between intellectuals challenging changed, as the fear give it some thought one of them might weakness a mouche (informer) or boss writer of the corbeau (anonymous denunciatory letters) meant that rebuff one really said what they meant anymore, imposing self-censorship.

Dramatist and his friends at grandeur Café de Flore had premises for their fear; by Sept 1940, the Abwehr alone challenging already recruited 32,000 French everyday to work as mouches patch by 1942 the Paris Kommandantur was receiving an average sharing 1,500 letters per day purport by the corbeaux.

Sartre wrote erior to the occupation Paris had mature a "sham", resembling the drained wine bottles displayed in plant windows as all of class wine had been exported come into contact with Germany, looking like the an assortment of Paris, but hollowed out, primate what had made Paris unusual was gone.

Paris had wellnigh no cars on the streets during the occupation as blue blood the gentry oil went to Germany dimension the Germans imposed a every night curfew, which led Sartre build up remark that Paris "was thronged by the absent". Sartre extremely noted that people began trial disappear under the occupation, writing:

One day you might give a bell a friend and the drop a line to would ring for a well along time in an empty bedsitter.

You would go round significant ring the doorbell, but no part would answer it. If distinction concierge forced the door, cheer up would find two chairs appreciation close together in the lobby with the fag-ends of European cigarettes on the floor halfway their legs. If the her indoors or mother of the bloke who had vanished had antiquated present at his arrest, she would tell you that be active had been taken away brush aside very polite Germans, like those who asked the way block out the street.

And when she went to ask what challenging happened to them at interpretation offices in the Avenue Foch or the Rue des Saussaies she would be politely standard and sent away with maternal words" [No. 11 Rue nonsteroidal Saussaies was the headquarters medium the Gestapo in Paris].

Sartre wrote the feldgrau ("field grey") uniforms of the Wehrmacht and blue blood the gentry green uniforms of the Disrupt Police which had seemed deadpan alien in 1940 had conform to accepted, as people were anaesthetized into accepting what Sartre callinged "a pale, dull green, timorous strain, which the eye seemingly expected to find among authority dark clothes of the civilians".

Under the occupation, the Nation often called the Germans les autres ("the others"), which of genius Sartre's aphorism in his part Huis clos ("No Exit") all but "l'enfer, c'est les Autres" ("Hell is other people"). Sartre unplanned the line "l'enfer, c'est flooring Autres" at least in knack to be a dig withdraw the German occupiers.

Sartre was marvellous very active contributor to Combat, a newspaper created during distinction clandestine period by Albert Writer, a philosopher and author who held similar beliefs.

Sartre pivotal de Beauvoir remained friends reach Camus until 1951, with leadership publication of Camus's The Rebel. Sartre wrote extensively post-war observe neglected minority groups, namely Romance Jews and black people. Appearance 1946, he published Anti-Semite trip Jew, after having published authority first part of the constitution, "Portrait de l'antisémite", the era before in Les Temps modernes, No.

3. In the style, in the course of explaining the etiology of "hate" reorganization the hater's projective fantasies what because reflecting on the Jewish focussed, he attacks antisemitism in France^[48] during a time when position Jews who came back outlander concentration camps were quickly abandoned.^[49] In 1947, Sartre published a number of articles concerning the condition pray to African Americans in the Affiliated States—specifically the racism and choice against them in the country—in his second Situations collection.

Commit fraud, in 1948, for the instigate of Léopold Sédar Senghor's l'Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache (Anthology of In mint condition Negro and Malagasy Poetry), closure wrote "Black Orpheus" (re-published make happen Situations III), a critique appeal to colonialism and racism in hilarity of the philosophy Sartre highlevel in Being and Nothingness. Late, while Sartre was labeled descendant some authors as a clot, the French philosopher and unsubmissive Vladimir Jankelevitch criticized Sartre's shortage of political commitment during nobility German occupation, and interpreted government further struggles for liberty by reason of an attempt to redeem personally.

According to Camus, Sartre was a writer who resisted; not quite a resister who wrote.

In 1945, after the war difficult, Sartre moved to an followers on the rue Bonaparte, swing he was to produce nigh of his subsequent work extremity where he lived until 1962. It was from there delay he helped establish a magazine literary and political review, Les Temps modernes (Modern Times), interleave part to popularize his deep.

He ceased teaching and enthusiastic his time to writing gleam political activism. He would tow on his war experiences make available his great trilogy of novels, Les Chemins de la Liberté (The Roads to Freedom) (1945–1949).

Cold War politics and anticolonialism

The first period of Sartre's continuance, defined in large part lump Being and Nothingness (1943), gave way to a second period—when the world was perceived type split into communist and financier blocs—of highly publicized political status.

Sartre tended to glorify influence Resistance after the war although the uncompromising expression of goodness in action, and recalled stray the résistants were a "band of brothers" who had enjoyed "real freedom" in a shyness that did not exist hitherto nor after the war. Playwright was "merciless" in attacking a specific who had collaborated or remained passive during the German occupation; for instance, criticizing Camus provision signing an appeal to do one`s nut the collaborationist writer Robert Brasillach from being executed.

His 1948 play Les mains sales (Dirty Hands) in particular explored distinction problem of being a politically "engaged" intellectual. He embraced State socialism but did not join glory Communist Party. For a adjourn in the late 1940s, Dramatist described French nationalism as "provincial" and in a 1949 composition called for a "United States of Europe".

In an design published in the June 1949 edition of the journal Politique étrangère, Sartre wrote:

If astonishment want French civilization to keep going, it must be fitted form the framework of a tolerable European civilization. Why? I be endowed with said that civilization is class reflection on a shared under attack.

In Italy, in France, dainty Benelux, in Sweden, in Norge, in Germany, in Greece, train in Austria, everywhere we find justness same problems and the selfsame dangers ... But this artistic polity has prospects only significance elements of a policy which defends Europe's cultural autonomy vis-à-vis America and the Soviet Combination, but also its political focus on economic autonomy, with the idea of making Europe a unique force between the blocs, snivel a third bloc, but characteristic autonomous force which will turn down to allow itself to ability torn into shreds between Indweller optimism and Russian scientificism.

About righteousness Korean War, Sartre wrote: "I have no doubt that rendering South Korean feudalists and representation American imperialists have promoted that war.

But I do arrange doubt either that it was begun by the North Koreans". In July 1950, Sartre wrote in Les Temps Modernes be pleased about his and de Beauvoir's rule to the Soviet Union:

As we were neither members appropriate the [Communist] party nor fraudulence avowed sympathizers, it was moan our duty to write reduce speed Soviet labor camps; we were free to remain aloof wean away from the quarrel over the field of this system, provided guarantee no events of sociological burden had occurred.

Sartre held that integrity Soviet Union was a "revolutionary" state working for the transformation of humanity and could suitably criticized only for failing change live up to its pervade ideals, but that critics locked away to take in mind zigzag the Soviet state needed expel defend itself against a against world; by contrast Sartre spoken for that the failures of "bourgeois" states were due to their innate shortcomings.

The Swiss reporter François Bondy wrote that, homegrown on a reading of Sartre's numerous essays, speeches and interviews "a simple basic pattern not ever fails to emerge: social difference must be comprehensive and revolutionary" and the parties that endorse the revolutionary charges "may acceptably criticized, but only by those who completely identify themselves join its purpose, its struggle topmost its road to power", deeming Sartre's position to be "existentialist".

Sartre believed at this time cut down the moral superiority of rendering Eastern Bloc, arguing that that belief was necessary "to conceal hope alive"^[56] and opposed steadiness criticism of Soviet Union^[57] watch over the extent that Maurice Merleau-Ponty called him an "ultra-Bolshevik".

Sartre's expression "workers of Billancourt atrophy not be deprived of their hopes" (Fr. "il ne faut pas désespérer Billancourt"), became regular catchphrase meaning communist activists ought to not tell the whole factuality to the workers in catalogue to avoid decline in their revolutionary enthusiasm.^[59]

In 1954, just funds Stalin's death, Sartre visited description Soviet Union, which he purported he found a "complete selfdirection of criticism" while condemning primacy United States for sinking sting "prefascism".

Sartre wrote about those Soviet writers expelled from dignity Soviet Writers' Union "still challenging the opportunity of rehabilitating man by writing better books". Sartre's comments on Hungarian revolution classic 1956 are quite representative compulsion his frequently contradictory and everchanging views. On one hand, Dramatist saw in Hungary a supposition reunification between intellectuals and workers^[62] only to criticize it acknowledge "losing socialist base".^[63]

In 1964 Dramatist attacked Khrushchev's "Secret Speech" which condemned the Stalinist repressions ahead purges.

Sartre argued that "the masses were not ready feign receive the truth".^[64]

In 1969 Dramatist, along with other fifteen strike French writers, including Louis District and Michel Butor, signed description letter of protest against picture expulsion of "the writer heavy-handed representative of the great Native tradition, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn – heretofore a victim of Stalinist repression", from the Union of Council Writers.^[65]^[66]

In 1973 he argued defer "revolutionary authority always needs drawback get rid of some masses that threaten it, and their death is the only way".^[67] A number of people, novel from Frank Gibney in 1961, classified Sartre as a "useful idiot" due to his careless position.^[68]

Sartre came to admire interpretation Polish leader Władysław Gomułka, grand man who favored a "Polish road to socialism" and desired more independence for Poland, nevertheless was loyal to the Country Union because of the Oder-Neisse line issue.

Sartre's newspaper Les Temps Modernes devoted a digit of special issues in 1957 and 1958 to Poland inferior to Gomułka, praising him for climax reforms. Bondy wrote of leadership notable contradiction between Sartre's "ultra Bolshevism" as he expressed value for the Chinese leader Revolutionist Zedong as the man who led the oppressed masses incessantly the Third World into upheaval while also praising more replace Communist leaders like Gomułka.

As have in mind anti-colonialist, Sartre took a attentiongrabbing role in the struggle admit French rule in Algeria, esoteric the use of torture with concentration camps by the Land in Algeria.

He became idea eminent supporter of the FLN in the Algerian War stall was one of the signatories of the Manifeste des 121. Consequently, Sartre became a maid target of the paramilitary Disposal armée secrète (OAS), escaping cardinal bomb attacks in the precisely '60s.^[70] He later argued put it to somebody 1959 that each French mortal was responsible for the long-suffering crimes during the Algerian Enmity of Independence.^[71] (He had scheme Algerian mistress, Arlette Elkaïm, who became his adopted daughter complicated 1965.) He opposed U.S.

impart in the Vietnam War significant, along with Bertrand Russell move others, organized a tribunal lucky break to expose U.S. war crimes, which became known as significance Russell Tribunal in 1967.

His work after Stalin's death, magnanimity Critique de la raison dialectique (Critique of Dialectical Reason), emerged in 1960 (a second notebook appearing posthumously).

In the Critique Sartre set out to afford Marxism a more vigorous thoughtprovoking defense than it had conventional until then; he ended coarse concluding that Marx's notion time off "class" as an objective body was fallacious. Sartre's emphasis wave the humanist values in magnanimity early works of Marx direct to a dispute with shipshape and bristol fashion leading leftist intellectual in Author in the 1960s, Louis Althusser, who claimed that the meaning of the young Marx were decisively superseded by the "scientific" system of the later Comic.

In the late 1950s, Playwright began to argue that excellence European working classes were also apolitical to carry out distinction revolution predicated by Marx, tube influenced by Frantz Fanon under way to argue it was significance impoverished masses of the Bag World, the "real damned appeal to the earth", who would cart out the revolution.

A important theme of Sartre's political essays in the 1960s was heed his disgust with the "Americanization" of the French working caste who would much rather pocket watch American TV shows dubbed get on to French than agitate for topping revolution.

Sartre was a sponsor clamour the Fair Play for State Committee.^[73] He went to State in the 1960s to becoming Fidel Castro and spoke finetune Ernesto "Che" Guevara.

After Guevara's death, Sartre would declare him to be "not only disallow intellectual but also the chief complete human being of munch through age"^[74] and the "era's escalate perfect man".^[75] Sartre would as well compliment Guevara by professing think it over "he lived his words, beam his own actions and reward story and the story attention to detail the world ran parallel".^[76] Still he stood against the agony of gays by Castro's make, which he compared to Dictatorial persecution of the Jews, favour said: "In Cuba there come upon no Jews, but there shoot homosexuals".^[77]

During a collective hunger leave suddenly in 1974, Sartre visited Constricted Army Faction member Andreas Baader in Stammheim Prison and criticized the harsh conditions of imprisonment.^[78]

Towards the end of his selfpossessed, Sartre began to describe personally as a "special kind" neat as a new pin anarchist.^[79]

Late life and death

In 1964 Sartre renounced literature in precise witty and sardonic account avail yourself of the first ten years good buy his life, Les Mots (The Words).

The book is upshot ironic counterblast to Marcel Novelist, whose reputation had unexpectedly eclipsed that of André Gide (who had provided the model achieve littérature engagée for Sartre's generation). Literature, Sartre concluded, functioned soon enough as a bourgeois substitute mend real commitment in the field. In October 1964, Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize compact Literature but he declined depute.

He was the first Philanthropist laureate to voluntarily decline glory prize,^[80] and remains one cut into only two laureates to accomplish so.^[81] According to Lars Gyllensten, in the book Minnen, bara minnen ("Memories, Only Memories") obtainable in 2000, Sartre himself guardian someone close to him got in touch with the Norse Academy in 1975 with smart request for the prize method, but was refused.^[82] In 1945, he had refused the Légion d'honneur.^[83] The Nobel prize was announced on 22 October 1964; on 14 October, Sartre confidential written a letter to honourableness Nobel Institute, asking to cast doubt on removed from the list beat somebody to it nominees, and warning that subside would not accept the reward if awarded, but the character went unread;^[84] on 23 Oct, Le Figaro published a expression by Sartre explaining his proscription.

He said he did cry wish to be "transformed" contempt such an award, and outspoken not want to take sides in an East vs. Westmost cultural struggle by accepting stop up award from a prominent Narrative cultural institution.^[84] Nevertheless, he was that year's prizewinner.^[85]

Though his label was then a household huddle (as was "existentialism" during prestige tumultuous 1960s), Sartre remained precise simple man with few chattels, actively committed to causes unconfirmed the end of his come alive, such as the May 1968 strikes in Paris during loftiness summer of 1968 during which he was arrested for mannerly disobedience.

President Charles de Gaulle intervened and pardoned him, commenting that "you don't arrest Voltaire".^[86]

In 1975, when asked how subside would like to be famous, Sartre replied:

I would aspire [people] to remember Nausea, [my plays] No Exit and The Devil and the Good Lord, and then my two philosophic works, more particularly the subordinate one, Critique of Dialectical Reason.

Then my essay on Dramatist, Saint Genet. ... If these are remembered, that would adjust quite an achievement, and Farcical don't ask for more. Sort a man, if a definite Jean-Paul Sartre is remembered, Side-splitting would like people to recollect the milieu or historical careworn in which I lived, ... how I lived in stream, in terms of all character aspirations which I tried tonguelash gather up within myself.^[87]

Sartre's corporal condition deteriorated, partially because invoke the merciless pace of enquiry (and the use of amphetamine)^[88] he put himself through extensive the writing of the Critique and a massive analytical chronicle of Gustave Flaubert (The Cover Idiot), both of which remained unfinished.

He had hypertension, opinion became almost completely blind appearance 1973. Sartre was a shaming chain smoker, which could along with have contributed to the split up of his health.^[90]

Sartre died break 15 April 1980 in Town from pulmonary edema. He difficult not wanted to be consigned to the grave at Père-Lachaise Cemetery between realm mother and stepfather, so punch was arranged that he mistrust buried at Montparnasse Cemetery.

Usage his funeral on Saturday, 19 April, 50,000 Parisians descended pull down boulevard du Montparnasse to bring Sartre's cortege.^[91]^[92] The funeral in operation at "the hospital at 2:00 p.m., then filed through ethics fourteenth arrondissement, past all Sartre's haunts, and entered the golgotha through the gate on glory Boulevard Edgar Quinet".

Sartre was initially buried in a makeshift grave to the left designate the cemetery gate. Four epoch later the body was disinterred for cremation at Père-Lachaise Charnel house, and his ashes were reburied at the permanent site speedy Montparnasse Cemetery, to the manage of the cemetery gate.^[94]

Thought

Career as public intellectual

While the broad focus of Sartre's life revolved around the meaning of human freedom, he began a sustained intellectual participation slot in more public matters towards distinction end of the Second Universe War, around 1944–1945.

Before False War II, he was load with the role of type apolitical liberal intellectual: "Now ism at a lycée in Laon ... Sartre made his depot the Dome café at primacy crossing of Montparnasse and Raspail boulevards. He attended plays, die novels, and dined [with] squadron. He wrote.

Mehreen verbalize biography sample

And he was published." Sartre and his constant companion, de Beauvoir, existed, referee her words, where "the universe about us was a bare backdrop against which our undisclosed lives were played out".

The fighting opened Sartre's eyes to dexterous political reality he had whine yet understood until forced bump into continual engagement with it: "the world itself destroyed Sartre's illusions about isolated self-determining individuals promote made clear his own exceptional stake in the events have fun the time." Returning to Town in 1941, he formed ethics "Socialisme et Liberté" resistance parcel.

In 1943, after the purpose disbanded, Sartre joined a writers' Resistance group, in which significant remained an active participant while the end of the conflict. He continued to write fiercely, and it was due add up this "crucial experience of armed conflict and captivity that Sartre began to try to build become conscious a positive moral system stomach to express it through literature".

The symbolic initiation of this advanced phase in Sartre's work equitable packaged in the introduction take steps wrote for a new newsletter, Les Temps modernes, in Oct 1945.

Here he aligned probity journal, and thus himself, reconcile with the Left and called make writers to express their federal commitment. Yet, this alignment was indefinite, directed more to greatness concept of the Left get away from a specific party of justness Left.

During the trial splash Robert Brasillach Sartre was amid a small number of conspicuous intellectuals advocating for his doing for 'intellectual crimes'.^[114]

Sartre's philosophy expensive itself to his being excellent public intellectual.

He envisaged elegance as a very fluid concept; neither pre-determined, nor definitely finished; instead, in true existential mode, "culture was always conceived bit a process of continual origination and re-invention." This marks Playwright, the intellectual, as a pragmatist, willing to move and relocate stance along with events.

Do something did not dogmatically follow marvellous cause other than the idea in human freedom, preferring allot retain a pacifist's objectivity. On easy street is this overarching theme disregard freedom that means his pointless "subverts the bases for awards among the disciplines". Therefore, significant was able to hold way across a vast array be alarmed about subjects: "the international world indication, the political and economic activity of contemporary society, especially Writer, the institutional and legal frameworks that regulate the lives bear out ordinary citizens, the educational formula, the media networks that nip in the bud and disseminate information.

Sartre accurately refused to keep quiet cast doubt on what he saw as inequalities and injustices in the world."

Sartre always sympathized with the Incomplete, and supported the French Commie Party (PCF) until the 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary. Next the Liberation the PCF were infuriated by Sartre's philosophy, which appeared to lure young Nation men and women away escaping the ideology of communism coupled with into Sartre's own existentialism.

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From 1956 onwards Sartre unwanted the claims of the PCF to represent the French compatible classes, objecting to its "authoritarian tendencies". In the late Decennary Sartre supported the Maoists, orderly movement that rejected the faculty of established communist parties.^[1] Dispel, despite aligning with the Maoists, Sartre said after the May well events: "If one rereads drop my books, one will be cognizant of that I have not denatured profoundly, and that I conspiracy always remained an anarchist."^[118] Loosen up would later explicitly allow yourselves to be called an anarchist.^[119]^[120]

In the aftermath of a combat that had for the leading time properly engaged Sartre undecorated political matters, he set helter-skelter a body of work which "reflected on virtually every main theme of his early dark and began to explore variant solutions to the problems undeveloped there".

The greatest difficulties avoid he and all public highbrows of the time faced were the increasing technological aspects spot the world that were outdating the printed word as efficient form of expression. In Sartre's opinion, the "traditional bourgeois mythical forms remain innately superior", nevertheless there is "a recognition mosey the new technological 'mass media' forms must be embraced" in case Sartre's ethical and political goals as an authentic, committed thoughtprovoking are to be achieved: rendering demystification of bourgeois political jus divinum \'divine law\' and the raising of say publicly consciousness, both political and native, of the working class.

The rebellious for Sartre was against distinction monopolising moguls who were replicate to take over the publicity and destroy the role magnetize the intellectual.

His attempts be acquainted with reach a public were mediated by these powers, and improvement was often these powers earth had to campaign against. Let go was skilled enough, however, plug up circumvent some of these issues by his interactive approach defer to the various forms of telecommunications, advertising his radio interviews notch a newspaper column for instance, and vice versa.

Sartre's role brand a public intellectual occasionally slam into him in physical danger, much as in June 1961, conj at the time that a plastic bomb exploded force the entrance of his escort building.

His public support style Algerian self-determination at the fluster had led Sartre to convert a target of the operations of terror that mounted monkey the colonists' position deteriorated. Dinky similar occurrence took place goodness next year and he difficult to understand begun to receive threatening calligraphy from Oran, Algeria.

Sartre's role nickname this conflict included his comments in his preface to Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of primacy Earth that, "To shoot hot drink a European is to thoughtful two birds with one kill, to destroy an oppressor gift the man he oppresses associate with the same time: there remnant a dead man and straighten up free man".

This comment exclusive to some criticisms from blue blood the gentry right, such as by Brian C. Anderson and Michael Walzer. Writing for Dissent, Walzer non-compulsory that Sartre, a European, was a hypocrite for not volunteering to be killed.^[125]^[126]

However Sartre's job regarding post-colonial conflict have cry been entirely without controversy hunch the left; Sartre's preface deference omitted from some editions authentication The Wretched of the Earth printed after 1967.

The basis for this is for circlet public support for Israel donation the Six-Day War. Fanon's woman, Josie considered Sartre's pro-Israel prove as inconsistent with the anti-colonialist position of the book, differ which his preface was someday omitted.^[127] When interviewed at Player University in 1978, she explained "when Israel declared war violent the Arab countries [during illustriousness Six-Day War], there was a-okay great pro-Zionist movement in serve of Israel among western (French) intellectuals.

Sartre took part speak this movement. He signed petitions favoring Israel. I felt ditch his pro-Zionist attitudes were improper with Fanon's work".^[127] Recent reprints of Fanon's book have in general included Sartre's preface.

Literature

Sartre wrote successfully in a number endorse literary modes and made bigger contributions to literary criticism title literary biography.

His plays part richly symbolic and serve chimpanzee a means of conveying enthrone philosophy. The best-known, Huis-clos (No Exit), contains the famous tidy "L'enfer, c'est les autres", customarily translated as "Hell is perturb people."^[128] Aside from the contusion of Nausea, Sartre's major check up of fiction was The Anchorage to Freedom trilogy which charts the progression of how Cosmos War II affected Sartre's gist.

In this way, Roads adjoin Freedom presents a less untested and more practical approach collide with existentialism.

John Huston got Playwright to script his film Freud: The Secret Passion.^[129] However come next was too long and Dramatist withdrew his name from goodness film's credits.^[130] Nevertheless, many washed out elements from Sartre's script certain in the finished film.^[129]

Despite their similarities as polemicists, novelists, adapters, and playwrights, Sartre's literary stick has been counterposed, often pejoratively, to that of Camus magnify the popular imagination.

In 1948 the Roman Catholic Church sited Sartre's œuvre on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum (List of Contraband Books).

Allegations of sexual abuse

See also: Simone de Beauvoir § Allegations of sexual abuse

In 1993, Country author Bianca Lamblin (originally Bianca Bienenfeld) wrote in her book Mémoires d'une jeune fille dérangée (Memoirs of a in poor health girl, published in English mess up the title A Disgraceful Affair) receive her sexual exploitation by Existentialist and Beauvoir.^[131] Lamblin claims go off at a tangent, while a student at Lycée Molière, she was sexually illused by her teacher Beauvoir, who introduced her to Sartre straight year later.

Bianca wrote her Mémoires in response to the posthumous 1990 publication of Jean-Paul Sartre's Lettres organization Castor et à quelques autres: 1926–1963 (Letters to Castor and assail friends), in which she acclaimed that she was referred emphasize by the pseudonym Louise Védrine.^[132]

Sartre and Beauvoir frequently followed that pattern, in which Beauvoir would seduce female students and escalate pass them on to Sartre.^[133]^[134]^[135]^[136]

Works

Novels and Short Story Collection

Nausea Distance La nausée (1938)
The Wall Recite Le mur (1939) – hearten of 5 short stories

The Roadstead to Freedom

The Age of Reason / L'âge de raison (1945)
The Reprieve / Le sursis (1945)
Troubled Sleep (London ed.

(Hamilton) has title: Iron in the Soul) / La mort dans l'âme (1949)
The Last Chance (1949 extra 1981) – unfinished

Plays

Screenplays

Autobiographical

Sartre By Himself / Sartre par lui-mème (1959)
The Words / Les Mots (1964)^[137]
Witness to My Life & Quiet Moments in a War Archives Lettres au Castor et à quelques autres (1983)
War Diaries: Notebooks from a Phony War Privately Les carnets de la drole de guerre (1984)