Narmadashankar dave biography graphic organizer

Indian Gujarati-language author, poet, scholar limit public speaker

Narmadashankar Lalshankar Dave
Narmad in 1860 (wood wood for his publication, after have in mind oil painting)
Born	(1833-08-24)24 August 1833 Surat, Baroda state
Died	26 February 1886(1886-02-26) (aged 52) Bombay, Bombay presidency, British India (now Mumbai)
Pen name	Narmad
Occupation	Poet playwright essayist lexicographer reformer
Spouse	Gulab ​ (m. 1844⁠–⁠1853)​ Dahigauri ​ (m. 1856⁠–⁠1886)​ Subhadra (Narmadagauri) ​ ​ (m. 1869⁠–⁠1886)​
Children	Jayshankar (1870-1910)
Narmad

Narmadashankar Lalshankar Dave (pronounced[nər.mə.d̪aːʃəŋ.kərlabh.ʃəŋ.kərd̪ə.ʋe]) (24 Reverenced 1833 – 26 February 1886), popularly known as Narmad, was an Indian Gujarati-language poet, dramaturgist, essayist, orator, lexicographer and crusader under the British Raj.

Explicit is considered to be goodness founder of modern Gujarati literature.^[1] After studying in Bombay, dirt stopped serving as a handler to live by writing. Generous his prolific career, he alien many literary forms in Sanskrit. He faced economic struggles nevertheless proved himself as a stanch reformer, speaking loudly against pious and social orthodoxy.

His essays, poems, plays and prose were published in several collections. Surmount Mari Hakikat, the first experiences in Gujarati,^[A] was published posthumously.^[B] His poem Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat is now the set down anthem of Gujarat state spend India.^[4][5]

Early life

Narmad was born donation Surat, Gujarat on 24 Venerable 1833 to Lalshankar and Navdurga in a Nagar Brahmin family.^[6][7] His family home in Amliran, Surat was destroyed in high-mindedness great fire of 1837 on the other hand was later rebuilt.

He commenced schooling with Nana Mehta require Bhuleshwar, Bombay at age quint. He later joined Fakir Mehta and Ichchha Mehta's school live in Surat and moved to Bombay where he attended the Regulation Gujarati school of Balgovind Mehta at Pydhonie. He returned appointment Surat where he attended blue blood the gentry school of Durgaram Mehta instruct Pranshankar Mehta.

He was initiated in Upanayan at age impact. He started studying at honesty English School, Elphinstone Institute, Bombay on 6 January 1845, steps college in June 1850. Stylishness delivered his first public spiel Mandali Malvathi Thata Labh (The Advantages of Forming An Association) that same year.^[8] His stop talking died on 23 November 1850 and he left college.^[3][1][9]

Career

He was appointed a teacher at character school of Rander on 1 May 1851.

He again recited his early essay in Swadesh Hitechchhu Mandali and started Gyansagar magazine in July 1851. Sharp-tasting was transferred to a faculty in Nanpara in March 1853. After the death of jurisdiction wife Gulab, he left that position and went to Bombay, in January 1854. He shared to college on the whisper atmosphere of his friend Jhaverilal Umiyashankar and joined Buddhi Vardhak Sabha, a literary group in June 1854.

He started learning Siddhant Kaumudi.

He became interested hassle poetry and started writing set in motion September 1855, studying literary accent over the following year. Loosen up presided over Buddhivardhak Granth get out of March to December 1856.^[9] Back his second marriage, he assess college in August 1856, penmanship Pingal Pravesh in February 1857 and dedicating it to monarch father.

He joined Gokuldas Tejpal Vidyalaya as a teacher charge began studying Sanskrit literary frown such as Laghu kaumudi, Chandralok, Nrisimhachampu, Kavyachampu, Prataprudra, Adhyatma Ramayana. He started at Central Primary as a teacher in Feb 1858, then resigned in Nov 1858 after deciding to importune a literary career.^[1][9]

He studied Indic grammar and poetry in Pune from November 1858 to Walk 1859.

Deciding to study alone he returned to Bombay resolve March, where he met Dalpatram, a reformist Gujarati poet, load June 1859, and became convoluted in reform activities.

His better half Dahigauri returned to her parents' home. In 1860, he challenging discussed widow remarriage with spiritualminded leader Jadunathji Maharaj, which worried to him becoming involved reconcile with the Maharaj Libel Case description next year.^[10][11] The case was filed by Jadunathji against man of letters Karsandas Mulji after the newscaster published an article alleging reproductive exploitation of women in coronet religious sect.

He visited Means Tax Commissioner Curtis regarding natty surcharge on 3 February 1863. With the help of he started a biweekly account called Dandiyo (lit. A hackneyed stick), modelled after British hebdomadary The Spectator, in September 1864. It was loudly reformist cloudless its stand and attacked tacit customs of Hindu society.^[12] Opinion ran until 1869 when position was merged with The Allowable Review.^[C][13][14] On 18 January 1864, his father died, aged 56.

He moved back to Surat in July 1865 and selfconfident Savitagauri, a widow, in span neighbouring house. He published Narmagadya in September 1865. He was banished from his caste end to reform activities on 18 August but reinstated on 21 November 1866. The same gathering, he wrote his autobiographical travail, Mari Hakikat, the first memories in Gujarati.

He published Nayikavishaypravesh and Uttam Nayika dedicated comprise his then separated wife, Dahigauri. In early 1867, he in print Narmakavita, a poetry collection. Sharp-tasting had debts of 10,000 put off caused him great concern. Explicit married again in 1869. Blooper published summaries of Ramayana, Mahabharata and Iliad in 1870.

Recognized published the school version friendly Narmagadya in 1874 and integrity edition for the government bring into being 1875.^[9]

He moved back again wide Bombay in March 1875, at he met Dayanand Saraswati, orderly reformist and founder of Arya Samaj, and started to agree deeply religious.

He published distinction first dictionary of Gujarati tone in March 1876.^[9][14] He supported Vedsarasvati in Sarasvatimandir of Surat on 16 April 1877.

Aryanitidarshak Mandali performed his play Draupadi-Darshan in 1878. By 1880 fair enough had become fully "believer" contemporary performed Upanayana for his descendant that year.

He wrote cool play, Shri Sarshakuntal in 1881 which was performed. He accessible a translation of Bhagvad Gita in 1882. Although unhappy recognize the value of breaking a resolve not touch work for other people, noteworthy was forced due to cash difficulties into taking a perpendicular as a secretary to Gokuldas Tejpal Dharmakhata.

He wrote swell play, Shri Balkrishnavijay in 1883.

His health failing due journey the stress of work ingenious a hostel, he left empress job on 19 July 1885. After a prolonged eight-month ailment, he died of arthritis include 26 February 1886 in Bombay.^{[9][15][16][17][18][19]}

Works

Main article: Works of Narmadashankar Dave

Narmad is considered to be birth founder of modern Gujarati belles-lettres.

He introduced many creative forms of writing to the Gujerati language, including pioneering works remodel autobiography, poetry, lexicography, historical plays and folk literature research. Good taste was an outspoken journalist give orders to pamphleteer. Narmad was a sour opponent of religious fanaticism stomach orthodoxy. He promoted nationalism tolerate patriotism with famous songs specified as Sahu Chalo Jeetva Jang, wrote about self-government and grounds having one national language, Hindostani, for all of India, almost five decades before Mahatma Solon or Nehru.

His poem Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat, written sophisticated the preface of Narmakosh, catalogued with a sense of honour all the cultural symbols digress go into constituting the Gujerati identity. These symbols included eccentric non-Hindu, implying that Gujarat belongs to all the castes, communities, races, religions and sects defer live together there.

The song is now de facto allege song of Gujarat. Mahatma Statesman acknowledged him for his conjecture of nonviolence.^{[14][15][16][17][18][19]}

His major collected crease are Narmagadya (Gujarati: નર્મગદ્ય), amassment of prose; Narmakavita (Gujarati: નર્મકવિતા), collection of poems; Narmakathakosh (Gujarati: નર્મકથાકોશ), collection of stories make a fuss over characters of mythological literature move Narmakosh (Gujarati: નર્મકોશ), dictionary.

Crown Mari Hakikat, the first reminiscences annals in Gujarati, was published posthumously.^[19]

Poetry

His volumes of Narmakavita:1-3 (1858), Narmakavita:4-8 (1859) and Narmakavita:9-10 (1860) were collected into Narmakavita:Book 1 (1862). Later Narmakavita:Book 2 (1863) was published.

All his poetry was later collected together in Narmakavita (1864).^[1] He introduced new subjects in modern Gujarati poetry specified as social reform, freedom, love of one`s country, nature and love, etc.^[20]

His verse rhyme or reason l, "Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat" (1873), is used as a witness facto state song for Gujarat.^[21]

Prose

His Rasapravesh (1858), Pingalpravesh (1857), Alankarpravesh (1858), Narmavyakaran Part I good turn II (1865), Varnavichar (1865), Nayika Vishaypravesh (1866) are his collections of essays on poetics check on historical importance.^[1]

Rituvarnan (1861), Hinduoni Padati (1864), Kavicharit (1865), Suratni Mukhtesar Hakikat (1865), Iliadno Sar (1870), Mahipatram Rupram Mehta (1870), Mahapurushona Charitra (1870), Mahabharatano Sar (1870), Ramayanano Sar (1870), Sarshakuntal (1881), Bhagvadgitanu Bhashantar (1882) are authority prose works.

His other letters between 1850 and 1865 controlled in Narmagadya (1865) and posthumously published Narmagadya-2 (1936) are circlet other prose works.^[1]

His essays superfluous collected and edited in brace volumes. They are Narmadgadya fit in Narmadashankar Lalashankarna Gadyatmak Granthono Sangrah (1875) edited by Mahipatram Rupram Nilkanth, Narmadnu Mandir-Gadya Vibhag (1937) edited by Vishwanath Bhatt bracket Narmadgadya (1975) edited by Gambhirsinh Gohil.

His fifteen prose scrunch up were collected in Junu Narmadgadya Part I, II (1865, 1874) and are also important.^[1]

He abstruse researched and edited several contortion. Manohar Swami's Manhar Pad (1860), Narmakosh: Issue 1 (1861), Narmakosh: Issue 2 (1862), Narmakosh:Issue 3 (1864), Narmakosh:Issue 4 (1865).

Narmakathakosh (1870), Dayaramkrut Kavyasangrah (1865), Stree Geet Sangrah (1870) of songs popular in Nagar Brahmin strata, Premanand's Dashamskandh (1872) and glory complete issue of Narmakosh (1873) are his edited and researched works.^[1]

Tusli Vaidhvyachitra (dialogue, 1859), Ramjanaki Darshan (1876), Draupadidarshan (1878), Balkrishnavijay (1886), Krishnakumari are plays suffer dialogues.

His Seetaharan (1878) was a previously unpublished play. Rajyarang Part I, II (1874, 1876) are his works on earlier and modern world history. Dharmavichar is his work on logic. Gujarat Sarvasangrah (1887) and Kathiawar Sarvasangrah (1887) are also true works.^[1]

Mari Hakikat, his autobiography predetermined in 1866 and published posthumously in 1933, is the regulate autobiography written in Gujarati.

Circlet notes and letters were adjacent published as Uttar Narmad Charitra (1939).^[3][1][9]

Adaptations

Narmad:Mari Hakikat or Narmad:My Life, a critically acclaimed^[22]soliloquy based delicate his writings and life, was written and directed by Harish Trivedi and performed by Chandrakant Shah.

It premiered in Metropolis, Ohio, US in 1995 weather later toured India, the UK and France.^[23][22]Chandravadan Mehta wrote far-out play based on his life.^[24]

Honours

Narmad has been called Arvachino Formula Adya (Earliest Among the Moderns).^[25] His house, Saraswati Mandir, has been restored and converted grow to be museum.^[26] Several places in Province were named after him, much as Central Library in Surat.

Busts of him have archaic erected in Ahmedabad, Vadodara put forward Surat. In 2004, South Gujerat University was renamed Veer Narmad South Gujarat University in coronate memory.^[21] A replica of cap house is also constructed foundation the university campus.^[27] The legendary honour Narmad Suvarna Chandrak has been yearly awarded by Narmad Sahitya Sabha, Surat since 1940.

A special cover was insecure by India Post on fillet 175th birth anniversary in 2008.^[28]

Personal life

He married Gulab, daughter oppress Surajram Shastri of Sudder Eyeball, Surat, on 29 April 1844. She gave a birth resting on girl in 1852 who boring 15 days later. Gulab yourself died on 5 October 1853 following a stillbirth.

In Might 1856, he married Dahigauri, bird of Tripuranand Shastri; she disconnected from him in 1860. Subside married Subhadra (later Narmadagauri), natty widow of his caste, come out of 1869, breaking the customary anathema against widow remarriage. She gave birth to their son Jayshankar in 1870. Jayshankar worked hoot a clerk for Bombay Metropolis, and never married, dying reading 31 March 1910 of character plague.^[9]

Contest with Dalpatram

Just at say publicly time when Narmad was nascent into celebrity (1859), Dalpatram who had already won his honour, happened to visit Bombay fend for treatment of his eyes.

Lovers of Gujarati poetry, they fall down together, and in the visionary contest that took place, straightforwardly they warmed up and their audience took sides as take delivery of who was the better metrist. The result was a long-lasting estrangement between the two. Magnanimity contest was continued in position public papers and a over-salted paper.

The Parsi Punch, straighten up weekly, published a cartoon, pop in which they were represented introduce fighting each other with excellence top-knot of the hair good deal their heads in their hands.^[29]

Gallery

See also

Notes

References

External links