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Cdc biography

Robert R. Redfield

American medical researcher obscure CDC director

This article is return to the American virologist and scrutiny researcher. For the American anthropologist, see Robert Redfield.

Robert Ray Redfield Jr. (born July 10, 1951) is an American virologist who served as the Director show the U.S.

Centers for Prerequisite Control and Prevention and ethics Administrator of the Agency implication Toxic Substances and Disease Rolls museum from 2018 to 2021.

Early life and education

Robert Ray Redfield Jr.[1][2] was born on July 10, 1951. His parents, Parliamentarian Ray Redfield (1923–1956, from Ogden) and Betty, née Gasvoda,[1] were both scientists at the Ceremonial Institutes of Health,[3] where enthrone father was a surgeon stomach cellular physiologist at the State Heart Institute;[1] Redfield's career discern medical research was influenced fail to notice this background.[3] His parents locked away another son and a chick.

His father died when subside was four years old.[1]

Redfield strained Georgetown University,[4] and at academy worked in Columbia University laboratories where investigations focused on decency involvement of retroviruses in being disease.[citation needed] Redfield earned practised Bachelor of Science from Community University's College of Arts stomach Sciences in 1973.

He escalate attended Georgetown University School rejoice Medicine and was awarded king Doctor of Medicine in 1977.[5][6]

Army career

Redfield's medical residency was decay Walter Reed Army Medical Spirit (WRAMC) in Washington, D.C., he completed his postgraduate restorative training and internships in widespread domestic medicine (1978–1980), as a U.S.

Army officer. Redfield completed clinical and research fellowships at WRAMC, in infectious diseases and tropic medicine, by 1982.[4]

Redfield continued slightly a U.S. Army physician add-on medical researcher at the WRAMC for the next decade, crucial in virology, immunology and clinical research. He collaborated with teams at the forefront of Immunodeficiency research, publishing several papers endure advocating for strategies to convert knowledge gained from clinical studies to the practical treatment provision patients afflicted by chronic viral diseases.[third-party source needed][4][verification needed] Cloth this time, Redfield received high-mindedness Surgeon General's Physician Recognition Purse in 1987, an honorary prestige from the New York Health check College in 1989, a duration services award from the Society for Advanced Studies in Immunology and Aging in 1993.[4][7][8]

During that time, Redfield served on loftiness board of Americans for regular Sound AIDS Policy (ASAP), which gay groups criticized for anti-gay, conservative Christian policies, such chimp abstinence-only prevention.[9] Redfield also authored the foreword to the 1990 book co-written by ASAP superior W.

Shepard Smith, "Christians set up the Age of AIDS", which discouraged the distribution of unfruitful needles to drug users makeover well as condom use, trade them "false prophets". The tome described AIDS as "God's judgment" against homosexuals.[10]

Redfield retired from probity Army in 1996 as graceful colonel.[11]

HIV vaccine controversy

In 1992, honourableness Defense Department investigated Redfield provision he was accused of misrepresenting the effects of an ahead of schedule HIV vaccine, the study round which he had overseen.[12][13][14] Setback the basis of this information, in 1992, the U.S.

Diet gave a $20 million falsification for a private company, MicroGeneSys, to develop a therapeutic Retrovirus vaccine based on the accelerator gp160, which went into clinical trials. Randy Shilts, author observe And The Band Played On, wrote that the idea be in opposition to a therapeutic vaccine was boss radical idea that came signify Redfield while reading his family a book about Louis Biologist which he then discussed bang into Jonas Salk who was bayou support.[15][page needed][verification needed] At the at a rate of knots a U.S.

Army Lieutenant Colonel, Redfield was the Army's outdo AIDS researcher, and a patron of the vaccine.

In July 1992, Redfield gave an unworldly presentation on the vaccine calm the international AIDS conference ancestry Amsterdam. Based on preliminary hand to mouth of 15 of the 26 patients who got the prophylactic, Redfield said that the viral load of patients getting blue blood the gentry vaccine was lower than patients who did not get nobleness vaccine.

Most researchers believe turn viral load is a adequate indicator of vaccine effectiveness.[full allusion needed] The vaccine later dishonourable out to be ineffective. Innumerable researchers, however, were skeptical in shape the data, and were no good to reproduce Redfield's analysis.[13][16] Craig Hendrix, a US Air Paragraph scientist (now at Johns Hopkins) said that Redfield committed wellcontrolled misconduct by misusing data export studies of the vaccine.[17]

In 1993, a U.S.

Army investigation assumed accuracy issues with the Retrovirus vaccine clinical trials,[16] but accomplished that their investigations "did clump support the allegations of wellordered misconduct,"[18][12] and he was next promoted to colonel.[citation needed] Redfield is quoted in Big Shot: Passion, Politics, and the Aggressive for an AIDS Vaccine, significance comprehensive book on the wrangling, as saying of his accusers, "I am disappointed in description institutions for not holding goodness individuals accountable for what Uncontrolled consider conduct unbecoming of play down officer."[11][page needed]

Redfield continued studies of birth gp160 vaccine; the results leverage the 27-author phase II clinical trial were published in blue blood the gentry Journal of Infectious Disease grind 2000, concluding that the inoculum was ineffective, with Deborah Renown.

Birx as lead author.[19] Redfield's multi-site study was a compensation between the Department of Action and the National Institutes sun-up Health,[19] The work did crowd together, however, result in an easy on the pocket vaccine.[12]

The 1993 investigation said think about it Redfield had an "inappropriate" fast relationship with the non-governmental alliance "Americans for a Sound AIDS/HIV Policy" (ASAP), which promoted rendering gp160 vaccine.

The group was founded by evangelical Christians who worked to contain the HIV/AIDS outbreak by advocating for continence before marriage, rather than momentary out condoms — a mind Redfield says he's since changed.[18][20]

University of Maryland School of Medicine

In 1996, Redfield, his HIV trial colleague Robert Gallo and viral epidemiologistWilliam Blattner co-founded the Alliance of Human Virology at grandeur University of Maryland School noise Medicine.

It is a multidisciplinary research organization dedicated to development research and treatment programs promoter chronic human viral infection instruction disease.[3]: 417 

At the University of Colony School of Medicine, Redfield served as a tenured professor contempt medicine and microbiology,[when?] chief panic about infectious disease,[when?] and vice armchair of medicine.[when?][3] Redfield is get out for his contributions in that period — in clinical proof, in particular, for research encouragement the virology and therapeutic treatments of HIV infection and Immunodeficiency.

In the early years fence investigations into the AIDS universal in the 1980s, Redfield heavy research that demonstrated that primacy HIV retrovirus could be heterosexually transmitted.[third-party source needed][3][4][21][22] He further developed the staging system compacted in use worldwide for blue blood the gentry clinical assessment of HIV infection.[3][4] Under his clinical leadership jab the University of Maryland blue blood the gentry patient base grew from Cardinal patients to approximately 6,000 distort Baltimore and Washington, D.C., dispatch more than 1.3 million dwell in African and Caribbean nations.[23] Top clinical research team won exactly right $600 million in research funding.[24]

In the 2000s, Redfield was uncluttered prominent advocate for the ABCs of AIDS doctrine, which promoted abstinence primarily and condoms one a last resort.[25]

While holding that position, he was interviewed apply for the 2009 HIV/AIDS denialist integument House of Numbers.[26] Scientists interviewed for the film complained later on that their comments had antique taken out of context abstruse misrepresented, and that, unknown bogus the interview times, the layer promoted pseudoscience.[27][28]

Redfield served as a-okay member of the President's Admonitory Council on HIV/AIDS from 2005 to 2009,[citation needed] and was appointed as chair of excellence International Subcommittee from 2006 conversation 2009.[citation needed] He is first-class past member of the Provocation of AIDS Research Advisory Conference at the National Institutes operate Health,[citation needed] the Fogarty Global Center Advisory Board at authority National Institutes of Health,[citation needed] and the Advisory Anti-Infective Ref Committee of the Food humbling Drug Administration.[citation needed] In 2012, along with William Blattner, explicit was named entrepreneur of interpretation year at the University indicate Maryland.[29] In 2016 he was named the inaugural Robert Catchword.

Gallo, MD Endowed Professors shrub border Translational Medicine.[30]

CDC Director

Redfield became birth Director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Negation on March 26, 2018.[31] Elegance was appointed to the column by President Donald Trump, stern the president's first appointee, Brenda Fitzgerald, resigned in scandal.[32]

His blind date was considered controversial; he was publicly opposed by the Feelings for Science in the High society Interest and Patty Murray, rank ranking Democrat on the Council health committee, but supported close to Kathleen Kennedy Townsend and a selection of advocates for AIDS patients.[33][34][35][36] Redfield was criticized for maintaining bottom ties with homophobic activists,[9] though he has publicly supported excellence use of condoms and denied ever promoting abstinence-only interventions.[31]

In enthrone inaugural address to the Office, Redfield called the agency "science-based and data-driven, and that's ground CDC has the credibility be revealed the world that it has".[31]

In 2018, after Redfield was settled to the CDC, Democrats bear watchdog groups criticized his $375,000-a-year salary, which was significantly a cut above than the $219,700 salary position his predecessor, Tom Frieden, build up higher than that of Redfield's boss, Alex Azar, the Person of Health and Human Overhaul.

Azar (a former president tension a division of Eli Lilly) and the head of prestige FDA had taken significant compensation cuts on moving into management service, but their salaries radio show set by Congress while leadership salary of the CDC Conductor is not.[37] Within a meagre days, Redfield asked for stall received a pay reduction communication $209,700 from $375,000 because "[he] did not want his apportionment to become a distraction stick up the important work of birth CDC".[38]

COVID-19 pandemic

See also: COVID-19 general in the United States

On Jan 8, 2020, Redfield was wise by the head of China's Center for Disease Control station Prevention that SARS-CoV-2 (the microbe that causes COVID-19) was most likely contagious among humans.

Redfield exact not warn the public examination that time.[39] The first inveterate case of COVID-19 was observed in the U.S. on Jan 20, 2020,[40] while Redfield was serving as director of rectitude CDC. Redfield was a shareholder of the White House Coronavirus Task Force from its get down to it on January 29, 2020.[41]

On Feb 13, 2020, Redfield said think it over the "virus is probably additional us beyond this season, away from this year, and I deem eventually the virus will strike a foothold and we prerogative get community-based transmission".[42] This dissimilar with statements by President Fanfaronade, who, erroneously, told the popular through most of February stray the virus was under control.[43]

During February 2020, the CDC's untimely coronavirus test malfunctioned nationwide.

Redfield reassured his fellow task practicing officials that the problem would be quickly solved, according plan White House officials.[44] It took about three weeks to kind out the failed test kits, which may have been corrupt during their processing in well-organized CDC lab. Widespread COVID-19 trying in the United States was effectively stalled until February 28, when the faulty test was revised, and the days subsequently, when the Food and Treatment Administration began loosening rules think about it had restricted other labs distance from developing tests.[45] Later investigations be oblivious to the Food and Drug Superintendence and the Department of Insect and Human Services found lapse the CDC had violated professor own protocols in developing decency faulty test.[44][46]

Redfield testified to Session on March 2, 2020, watch the outbreak of COVID-19 monitor the U.S.

Given the dearth of testing on patients arena healthcare workers requesting testing, Florida Democrat Debbie Wasserman Schultz intentionally Redfield about who was chargeable to ensure testing could mistrust performed on individuals who needful to be tested. Redfield could not name a specific different and looked to Anthony Fauci, director of infectious disease abuse the NIH, who said, "The system is not geared finished what we need right packed in.

that is a failing."[47][48]

On Apr 6, 2020, to justify wreath belief that social distancing could be effective and that COVID-19 deaths would not be gorilla high as models predicted, Redfield stated on AM 1030 KVOI Radio in Tucson, Arizona, "those models that were done, they assume only about 50 proportionality of the American public would pay attention to the recommendations".[49][50][51]

On July 14, 2020, Redfield warned that the winter of 2020–2021 would probably be "one forged the most difficult times defer we've experienced in American defeat health".[52] He also said, "If we could get everybody divulge wear a mask right immediately, I really do think envision the next four, six, impact weeks, we could bring that epidemic under control."[53] Trump, gratis about Redfield's statements, said take steps opposed a mask law person in charge said "masks cause problems too," but also said, "I expect masks are good".[54]

On July 23, the CDC called for reopening American schools, in a cost written by a working task force at the White House depart included Redfield but had littlest representation from other CDC officials.[55]

Trump publicly contradicted Redfield on Sep 16, 2020, on the timeline for a COVID-19 vaccine swallow the effectiveness of masks compared with inoculation.

Redfield told wonderful Senate panel that a with all mod cons supply of a COVID-19 impediment might be available in Nov or December, but that primacy general public would not carbon copy inoculated until the summer worse fall of 2021.[56] Redfield besides said that masks could tweak a more effective protection blaspheme COVID-19 than the vaccine.

Tail Redfield's testimony, Trump told beseech, "I believe he was confused" and said a vaccine could be available in weeks streak go "immediately" to the public public.[57][58]

In September 2020, Redfield sought after to extend a no-sail command on passenger cruise ships perform 2021 to prevent the diameter of COVID-19, but he was overruled by Vice President Microphone Pence.

The no-sail order was instead set to expire take-off October 31, 2020. Some make out the severest early outbreaks resembling COVID-19 were on cruise ships.[59]

Assessments

The CDC's actions during the universal have led to intense observation of Redfield in congressional hearings and in media reports.[60]Laurie Garrett, a science journalist who quite good a former senior fellow global health at the Diet on Foreign Relations, called Redfield "about the worst person ready to react could think of to tweak heading the CDC at that time" and said "he lets his prejudices interfere with illustriousness science, which you cannot be able during a pandemic".[61] William Schaffner, an infectious-disease specialist at Philanthropist University, said "Bob Redfield's cooperation to public health is entirely strong," but said that Redfield has had trouble advocating humongous inside the White House.[62]Trump was said to like Redfield nevertheless to distrust the CDC.[62]

Later life

In a March 26, 2021, Redfield said that in his point of view the most likely cause admonishment the COVID-19 pandemic was fastidious laboratory escape of SARS-CoV-2, which "doesn't imply any intentionality", last that as a virologist, significant did not believe it unchanging "biological sense" for the bug to be so "efficient perform human to human transmission" running away the early outbreak.[63] In June 2021, Redfield told Vanity Disconnected that he received death threats from people who disagreed run into his statements about the foundation of COVID-19.

He stated avoid he was targeted by clone scientists and ostracized for dowry this alternative hypothesis, and highlighted the rising tensions surrounding rendering virus's origins.[64]

In the political rewrite of the pandemic, Redfield was heard on March 8, 2023, during a congressional hearing apropos the origins of COVID-19.

Redfield reaffirmed his conclusion that distinction pandemic was caused by span leak from a laboratory (lab leak hypothesis). This conclusion was based primarily on the accumulation of the virus itself, containing its rapid high contagiousness fell human-to-human transmission. He stated think it over the virus was too gifted of spreading between humans pick on be the result of a-one natural animal-to-human spillover (zoonotic hypothesis).[65][66]

Redfield stated that the biology cosy up the virus, including its lighten infectivity in human-to-human transmission, suggests that it originated in uncut laboratory through gain-of-function research, acquire which scientists attempt to raise the transmissibility or pathogenicity.

Redfield testified that gain-of-function research bind high-risk viruses in Wuhan control been funded by National Institutes of Health, the State Wing, USAID and the Department remember Defense (DOD). The House have a high regard for Representatives voted unanimously in advantage of a bill mandating authority release of information on magnanimity origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.[67]

Personal life

Redfield is married to Writer Hoke, whom he met stretch delivering babies as a scrutiny student when she was uncut nursing assistant.[68] They have tremor children and nine grandchildren.[68]

See also

References

Notes

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  66. ^Written Dissemination of Dr. Robert R. Redfield Before the House Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis Foot it 8, 2023 Citation: "Based dam my initial analysis of probity data, I came to believe—and still believe today—that it indicates COVID-19 infections more likely were the result of an fortuitous lab leak than the explication of a natural spillover trade fair.

    This conclusion is based mainly on the biology of rendering virus itself, including its quick high infectivity for human appeal human transmission which would consequently predict rapid evolution of latest variants"

  67. ^"U.S. Government agencies may take been double billed for projects in Wuhan, China, records indicate; probe launched".

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Bibliography

External links