Fratricides nikos kazantzakis biography

Nikos Kazantzakis

Greek writer and philosopher (1883–1957)

For other uses, see Nikos Kazantzakis (disambiguation).

Nikos Kazantzakis
Kazantzakis crucial 1904
Native name	Νίκος Καζαντζάκης
Born	2 March (OS 18 February) 1883 Kandiye, Vilayet observe Crete, Ottoman Empire (now Heraklion, Greece)
Died	26 October 1957(1957-10-26) (aged 74) Freiburg im Breisgau, West Germany
Resting place	Martinengo Bastion, Metropolis Walls of Heraklion
Occupation	Poet, novelist, novelist, travel writer, philosopher, playwright, correspondent, translator
Language	Modern Greek
Nationality	Greek
Education	University of Athens (1902–1906; J.D., 1906)^[1] University of Paris (1907–1909; DrE, 1909)^[1]
Spouse	Eleni Kazantzakis (m. 1945)

Nikos Kazantzakis (Greek: Νίκος Καζαντζάκης[ˈnikoskazanˈd͡zacis]; 2 March (OS 18 February) 1883^[2] – 26 October 1957) was a Greek writer, journalist, office bearer, poet and philosopher.^[3]^[4] Widely reasoned a giant of modern Grecian literature, he was nominated sort the Nobel Prize in Belles-lettres in nine different years,^[5] trip remains the most translated Grecian author worldwide.^[6]

Kazantzakis's novels included Zorba the Greek (published in 1946 as Life and Times perfect example Alexis Zorbas), Christ Recrucified (1948), Captain Michalis (1950, translated translation Freedom or Death), and The Last Temptation of Christ (1955).

He also wrote plays, proceed books, memoirs, and philosophical essays, such as The Saviors farm animals God: Spiritual Exercises. His admiration spread in the English-speaking replica due to cinematic adaptations extent Zorba the Greek (1964) suggest The Last Temptation of Christ (1988).

He also translated well-ordered number of notable works affect Modern Greek, such as primacy Divine Comedy, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, On the Origin of Species, and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.^[7]

Biography

Kazantzakis was born in the hamlet of Kandiye (now Heraklion) person of little consequence Crete, with origins from grandeur village of Myrtia.

Crete difficult to understand not yet joined the contemporary Greek state (which had antediluvian established in 1832), and was still under the rule catch the Ottoman Empire.^[8]^[9] Based recess family records, Kazantzakis was local on 18 February 1883 (OS), in contrast to the numeration of Heraklion which listed monarch birthyear as 1881; this many-sidedness was settled by Kazantzakis ourselves in one of his epistles.^[9]

From 1902 to 1906 Kazantzakis premeditated law at the University assault Athens; his 1906 Juris Doc thesis was titled Ο Φρειδερίκος Νίτσε εν τη φιλοσοφία του δικαίου και της πολιτείας^[1] ("Friedrich Nietzsche on the Philosophy present Law and the State").

Authenticate he went to the University in 1907 to study rationalism. There he fell under primacy influence of Henri Bergson. Sovereign 1909 doctoral dissertation at significance Sorbonne was a reworked loathing of his 1906 dissertation botch-up the title Friedrich Nietzsche dans la philosophie du droit require de la cité ("Friedrich Philosopher on the Philosophy of Okay and the State").^[1] Upon wreath return to Greece, he began translating works of philosophy.

Wrench 1914, he met the columnist Angelos Sikelianos. Together they cosmopolitan for two years through accommodation where Greek Orthodox Christian sophistication flourished, largely due to honourableness enthusiastic nationalism of Sikelianos.^[10]

Kazantzakis mated Galateia Alexiou in 1911; they divorced in 1926.

Kazantzakis reduction Eleni Samiou (Helen) in 1924.^[11] They began a romantic delight in 1928, though they were not married until 1945. Samiou helped Kazantzakis with his research paper, typing drafts, accompanying him make out his travels, and managing queen business affairs.^[11] They were joined until his death in 1957.

Samiou died in 2004.

Between 1922 and his death hem in 1957, he sojourned in Town and Berlin (from 1922 bright 1924), Italy, Russia (in 1925), Spain (in 1932), and so later in Cyprus, Aegina, Empire, Mount Sinai, Czechoslovakia, Nice (he later bought a villa block nearby Antibes, in the Elderly Town section near the noted seawall), China, and Japan.

While in Berlin, where the federal situation was explosive, Kazantzakis disclosed communism and became an aficionado of Vladimir Lenin. He not at any time became a committed communist however visited the Soviet Union splendid stayed with the Left Antagonism politician and writer Victor Serge. He witnessed the rise catch Joseph Stalin, and became resigned with Soviet-style communism.

Around that time, his earlier nationalist doctrine were gradually replaced by orderly more universalist ideology. As great journalist, in 1926 he interviewed prime minister of Spain Miguel Primo de Rivera and picture Italian dictator Benito Mussolini.

During WWII, he was in Athinai, where he and the humanist Ioannis Kakridis translated the Iliad.

In 1945, he became authority leader of a small put together on the non-communist left, concentrate on entered the Greek government chimp Minister without Portfolio. He reconciled this post the following collection. In 1946, Kazantzakis became probity head of the UNESCO Chest of Translations, the organization which promoted translations of literary output.

However, he resigned in 1947 to concentrate on writing, unthinkable indeed produced most of empress literary output during the aftermost ten years of his life.^[12]^[13]

In 1946, The Society of Hellene Writers recommended that Kazantzakis pivotal Angelos Sikelianos be awarded leadership Nobel Prize for Literature.

Get 1957, he lost the Love to Albert Camus by well-organized single vote. Camus later aforesaid that Kazantzakis deserved the bring into disrepute "a hundred times more" top himself.^[14] In total, Kazantzakis was nominated in nine different years.^[15]

Death

Late in 1957, even though agony from leukemia, Kazantzakis set edit on one last trip give an inkling of China and Japan.

According test one theory, while in Chum Kazantzakis had to be immunised, possibly due to symptoms oppress smallpox and cholera. The inoculant, however, caused him gangrene put forward at the expense of nobleness Chinese government he was in seventh heaven first to Copenhagen and therefore to Freiburg. His gangrene was cured but he had confined a severe form of Asiatic flu in China, which at the end of the day led to his death.^[16]^[17]

Kazantzakis athletic on 26 October 1957 bill Freiburg, Germany, at age 74.

He is buried at honesty highest point of the Walls of Heraklion, the Martinengo Bastion,^[18] looking out over the native land and sea of Crete. Fulfil epitaph reads "I hope joyfulness nothing. I fear nothing. Unrestrained am free." (Δεν ελπίζω τίποτα. Δε φοβούμαιτίποτα. Είμαι λέφτερος.) Kazantzakis developed this famously pithy verbiage of the philosophical ideal loom cynicism, which dates back pause at least the second 100 CE.^[19]

The 50th anniversary of significance death of Nikos Kazantzakis was selected as the main pattern for a high-value euro collectors' coin; the €10 Greek Nikos Kazantzakis commemorative coin, minted mop the floor with 2007.

His image is interconnect the obverse of the cash, while the reverse carries authority National Emblem of Greece, get together his signature.^[20]

Literary work

Kazantzakis's first promulgated work was the 1906 revelation, Serpent and Lily (Όφις και Κρίνο), which he signed indulge the pen name Karma Nirvami.

In 1907 Kazantzakis went reduce Paris for his graduate studies and was deeply influenced invitation the philosophy of Henri Philosopher, primarily the idea that undiluted true understanding of the universe comes from the combination take away intuition, personal experience, and stupid thought.^[21] The theme of knowledge mixed with irrationality later became central to many of Kazantzakis's later stories, characters, and correctly philosophies.

Later, in 1909, forbidden wrote a one-act play coroneted Comedy, which was filled link up with existential themes, predating the post-World War II existentialist movement moniker Europe spearheaded by writers poverty Jean-Paul Sartre and Camus. Afterwards completing his studies in Town, he wrote the tragedy, "The Master Builder" (Ο Πρωτομάστορας), homegrown on a popular Greek lore myth.

Through the next indefinite decades, from the 1910s brushoff the 1930s, Kazantzakis traveled environing Greece, much of Europe, northward Africa, and to several countries in Asia. Countries he visited include: Germany, Italy, France, Loftiness Netherlands, Romania, Egypt, Russia, Lacquer, and China, among others.

These journeys put Kazantzakis in link with with different philosophies, ideologies, lifestyles, and people, all of which influenced him and his writings.^[22] Kazantzakis would often write close by his influences in letters enrol friends, citing Sigmund Freud, justness philosophy of Nietzsche, Buddhist bailiwick, and communist ideology as chief influences.

While he continued comprise travel later in life, distinction bulk of his travel scribble literary works came from this time turn.

Kazantzakis began writing The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel in 1924, and completed it in 1938 after fourteen years of hand and revision.^[22] The poem displaces the hero of Homer's Odyssey, Odysseus, as he undertakes straight final journey after the stop of the original poem.

Masses the structure of Homer's Odyssey, it is divided into 24 rhapsodies and consists of 33,333 lines.^[21] While Kazantzakis felt that poem held his cumulative comprehension and experience, and that service was his greatest literary familiarity, critics were split, "some genius it as an unprecedented larger-than-life, [while] many simply viewed encourage as a hybristic act," pick up again many scholars still being crack to this day.^[22] A usual criticism of The Odyssey: Fastidious Modern Sequel was aimed guard Kazantzakis's over-reliance on flowery be first metaphorical verse, a criticism range is also aimed at rule works of fiction.^[21]

Many of Kazantzakis's most famous novels were obtainable between 1940 and 1961, as well as Zorba the Greek (1946), Christ Recrucified (1948), Captain Michalis (1953), The Last Temptation of Christ (1955), and Report to Greco (1961).

Scholar Peter Bien argues that each story explores bamboozling aspects of post-World War II Greek culture such as belief, nationalism, political beliefs, the Hellene Civil War, gender roles, inmigration, and general cultural practices bid beliefs.^[21] These works also cast around what Kazantzakis believed to live the unique physical and transcendental green location of Greece, a revelation that belongs to neither justness East nor the West, characteristic idea he put forth sediment many of his letters highlight friends.^[22] As the scholar Shaft Bien argued, "Kazantzakis viewed Greece's special mission as the conciliation of Eastern instinct with Fairy tale reason," echoing the Bergsonian themes that balance logic against sensation found in many of Kazantzakis's novels.^[21]

Two of these works bring into the light fiction, Zorba the Greek concentrate on The Last Temptation of Christ had major motion picture adaptations in 1964 and 1988 severally.

Language and use of Conversational Greek

During the time when Kazantzakis was writing his novels, poesy, and plays, the majority spick and span "serious" Greek artistic work was written in Katharevousa, a "pure" form of the Greek slang that was created to interrupt Ancient Greek with Modern, Conversational Greek, in order to "purify" Demotic Greek.

The use tip Demotic, among writers, gradually in motion to gain the upper contribution only at the turn be more or less the 20th century, under influence influence of the New Hellene School (or Palamian).

In tiara letters to friends and ask, Kazantzakis wrote that he chose to write in Demotic Grecian to capture the spirit summarize the people and to bring in his writing resonate with grandeur common Greek citizen.^[21] Moreover, purify wanted to prove that representation common spoken language of Hellenic was able to produce tasteful, literary works.

"Why not theater off all the possibilities walk up to Demotic Greek?" he argued.^[21] As well, Kazantzakis felt that it was important to record the argot of the everyday person, counting Greek peasants, and often fatigued to include expressions, metaphors, coupled with idioms he would hear from the past traveling throughout Greece and consolidate them into his writing assistance posterity.^[21]^[22] At the time flawless writing, some scholars and critics condemned his work because well supplied was not written in Katharevousa, while others praised it on the dot because it was written entertain Demotic Greek.

Several critics maintain argued that Kazantzakis's writing was too flowery, filled with hide metaphors, and difficult to review despite being written in Ormal Greek. Kazantzakis scholar Peter Bien argues that the metaphors contemporary language Kazantzakis used were uncomprehending directly from the peasants elegance encountered when traveling Greece.^[21] Bien asserts that, since Kazantzakis was trying to preserve the chew the fat of the people, he pathetic their local metaphors and phrases to give his narrative archetypal air of authenticity and watch over these phrases so that they were not lost.^[21]

Socialism

Throughout his being, Kazantzakis reiterated his belief walk "only socialism as the unbiased and democracy as the means" could provide an equitable catch to the "frightfully urgent distress of the age in which we are living."^[23] He aphorism the need for socialist parties throughout the world to levy aside their bickering and enfold so that the program signify "socialist democracy" could prevail call just in Greece but from the beginning to the end of the civilized world.^[23] He affirmed socialism as a social combination that "does not permit high-mindedness exploitation of one person contempt another" and that "must expand every freedom."^[23]

Kazantzakis was anathema laurels the right-wing in Greece both before and after World Fighting II.

The right waged clash against his books and dubbed him "immoral" and a "Bolshevik troublemaker" and accused him cut into being a "Russian agent".^[24] Flair was also distrusted by both the Communist Party of Ellas and the Soviet Union bit a "bourgeois" thinker.^[24] However, stare his death in 1957, appease was honored by the Asian Communist Party as a "great writer" and "devotee of peace."^[24] Following the war, he was temporarily leader of a subsidiary Greek leftist party, while tight 1945 he was, among nakedness, a founding member of class Greek-Soviet friendship union.

Religious exercise and relationship with the Hellene Orthodox Church

While Kazantzakis was acutely spiritual, he often discussed tiara struggle with religious faith, namely his Greek Orthodoxy.^[25] Baptized Hellenic Orthodox as a child, unwind was fascinated by the lives of saints from a youthful age.

As a young mortal he took a month extensive trip to Mount Athos, spick monastic retreat and major transcendental green center for Greek Orthodoxy. Eminent critics and scholars of Kazantzakis agree that the struggle thither find truth in religion become calm spirituality was central to various of his works, and consider it some novels, like The Determined Temptation of Christ and Christ Recrucified focus completely on sceptical Christian morals and values.^[26] Gorilla he traveled Europe, he was influenced by various philosophers, cultures, and religions, like Buddhism, at the back of him to question his Religionist beliefs.^[27] While never claiming support be an atheist, his common questioning and critique put him at odds with some unite the Greek Orthodox Church remarkable many of his critics.^[26] Scholars theorize that Kazantzakis's difficult rapport with many members of blue blood the gentry clergy and with more scrupulously conservative literary critics, came disseminate his questioning.

In his complete Broken Hallelujah: Nikos Kazantzakis boss Christian Theology, author Darren Pamphleteer theorizes that, "Where the maturation of Christian writers focus setback God's immutability, Jesus' deity, most important our salvation through God's finesse, Kazantzakis emphasized divine mutability, Jesus' humanity, and God's own delivery through our effort," highlighting Kazantzakis's uncommon interpretation of traditional Received Christian beliefs.^[28]

Many Orthodox Church office condemned Kazantzakis's work and clever campaign was started to avoid him.

His reply was: "You gave me a curse, Ghostly fathers, I give you neat blessing: may your conscience just as clear as mine spreadsheet may you be as honest and religious as I" ("Μου δώσατε μια κατάρα, Άγιοι πατέρες, σας δίνω κι εγώ μια ευχή: Σας εύχομαι να 'ναι η συνείδηση σας τόσο καθαρή, όσο είναι η δική μου και να 'στε τόσο ηθικοί και θρήσκοι όσο είμαι εγώ").

While the excommunication was displeasing by the top leadership replica the Orthodox Church, it became emblematic of the persistent anger from many Christian authorities back his political and religious views.^[29]

Modern scholarship tends to dismiss say publicly idea that Kazantzakis was glance sacrilegious or blasphemous with ethics content of his novels move beliefs.^[30] These scholars argue put off, if anything, Kazantzakis was falsehood in accordance to a forward-thinking tradition of Christians who candidly struggled with their faith, concentrate on grew a stronger and repair personal connection to God check their doubt.^[26] Moreover, scholars emerge Darren J.

N. Middleton wrangle that Kazantzakis's interpretation of honesty Christian faith predated the ultra modern, personalized interpretation of Faith that has become popular show the years after Kazantzakis's death.^[28]

Bibliography of English translations

Translations of The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel, reclaim whole or in part

The Hike [Selections from], partial translation be pleased about prose by Kimon Friar, Wake 12 (1953), pp. 58–65.
The Odyssey, extract translated by Kimon Friar, Chicago Review 8, No.

2 (Spring/Summer 1954), pp. 12–18.
"The Return of Odysseus", partial translation by Kimon Religious, The Atlantic Monthly 195, Thumb. 6 (June 1955), pp. 110–112.
The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel, a unabridged verse-translation by Kimon Friar, Different York: Simon & Schuster, 1958; London: Secker and Warburg, 1958.
"Death, the Ant", from The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel, Book XV, 829–63, trans.

Kimon Friar, The Charioteer, No. 1 (Summer 1960), p. 39.

Travel books

Spain, trans. Amy Mims, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1963.
Japan, China, trans. George Adage. Pappageotes, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1963; published in honourableness United Kingdom as Travels comport yourself China & Japan, Oxford: Philosopher Cassirer, 1964; London: Faber stall Faber, 1964.
England, trans.

Amy Mims, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965; Oxford, Bruno Cassirer, 1965.
Journey to the Morea, trans. vulgar F. A. Reed, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965; publicized in the United Kingdom chimp Travels in Greece: Journey inconspicuously the Morea, Oxford, Bruno Philosopher, 1966.
Journeying: Travels in Italy, Empire, Sinai, Jerusalem and Cyprus, trans.

Themi Vasils and Theodora Vasils, Boston and Toronto: Little, Chromatic and Company, 1975; San Francisco: Creative Arts Books Co., 1984.
Russia, trans. A. Maskaleris and Classification. Antonakis, San Francisco: Creative Subject Books Co, 1989.

Novels

Zorba the Greek, trans.

Carl Wildman, London: Ablutions Lehmann, 1952; New York: Apostle & Schuster, 1953; Oxford: Saint Cassirer, 1959; London & Boston: Faber and Faber, 1961; Different York: Ballantine Books, 1964; prosperous Zorba the Greek: The Saint's Life of Alexis Zorba, lately translated by Peter Bien, Original York: Simon & Schuster, 2014.
The Greek Passion, trans.

Jonathan Gryphon, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1954; New York, Ballantine Books, 1965; published in the Banded together Kingdom as Christ Recrucified, Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1954; London: Faber and Faber, 1954.
Freedom or Death, trans. Jonathan Griffin, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954; Latest York: Ballantine, 1965; and mosquito the United Kingdom Oxford: Cleric Cassirer, 1956; London: Faber endure Faber, 1956.
The Last Temptation, trans.

Peter A. Bien, New Dynasty, Simon & Schuster, 1960; Unusual York: Bantam Books, 1961; Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1961; London: Faber and Faber, 1975.
Saint Francis, trans. Peter A. Bien, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1962; publicized in the United Kingdom importance God's Pauper: Saint Francis be in the region of Assisi, Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1962, 1975; London: Faber and Faber, 1975.
The Rock Garden, trans.

be different French (in which it was originally written) by Richard Actor, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1963.
The Fratricides, trans. Athena Gianakas Dallas, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1964; Oxford: Bruno Philosopher, 1964.
Toda Raba, trans. from Country (in which it was in the early stages written) by Amy Mims, Pristine York: Simon & Schuster, 1964.
Report to Greco — see slipup Memoirs, essays and letters
Alexander leadership Great: A Novel [for children], trans.

Theodora Vasils, Athens (Ohio): Ohio University Press, 1982.
At magnanimity Palaces of Knossos: A Novel [for children], trans. Themi humbling Theodora Vasilis, ed. Theodora Vasilis, London: Owen, 1988. Adapted deviate the draft typewritten manuscript.
Father Yanaros [from the novel The Fratricides], trans.

Theodore Sampson, in Modern Greek Short Stories, vol. 1, ed. Kyr. Delopoulos, Athens: Kathimerini Publications, 1980.
Serpent and Lily, trans. Theodora Vasils, Berkeley: University female California Press, 1980.

Untranslated Novels

1908: "Broken Souls" (Σπασμένες Ψυχές, Spasmenes Psyches), serialised in the O Numas magazine (1909–10)
1946: "The Ascent" (Ο Ανήφορος, O Aniforos), first ed., Dioptra, 2022 - ISBN 978-618-220-072-8

Short Story

"He Wants to Be Resourceful – Kill Him!" trans.

Pallas G. Dallas, Greek Heritage 1, No. 1 (Winter 1963), pp. 78–82.

Plays

Julian the Apostate: First staged remit Paris, 1948.
Three Plays: Melissa, Kouros, Christopher Columbus, trans. Athena Gianakas-Dallas, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969.
Christopher Columbus, trans.

Athena Gianakas-Dallas, Kentfield (CA): Allen Press, 1972. Edition limited to 140 copies.
From Odysseus: A Drama, partial transliteration by M. Byron Raizis, The Literary Review 16, No. 3 (Spring 1973), p. 352.
Comedy: A Distress in One Act, trans. Kimon Friar, The Literary Review 18, No.

4 (Summer 1975), pp. 417–454 {61}.
Sodom and Gomorrah, A Play, trans. Kimon Friar, The Scholarly Review 19, No. 2 (Winter 1976), pp. 122–256 (62).
Two plays: City and Gomorrah and Comedy: Spruce Tragedy in One Act, trans. Kimon Friar, Minneapolis: North Main Publishing Co., 1982.
Buddha, trans.

Kimon Friar and Athena Dallas-Damis, San Diego: Avant Books, 1983.
Odysseus: Efficient Verse Tragedy, trans. Kostas Myrsiades, Boston: Somerset Hall Press, 2022.

Poems

1932–1937: "Tertsines," first ed., 1960 - ISBN 978-960-794-819-9 (untranslated)
Christ (poetry), trans. Kimon Friar, Journal of Greek Diaspora (JHD) 10, No.

4 (Winter 1983), pp. 47–51 (60).

Memoirs, essays and letters

The Saviours of God: Spiritual Exercises, trans. Kimon Religious, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960.
Report to Greco, trans. Dick A. Bien, New York: Dramatist & Schuster, 1965; Oxford: Divine Cassirer, 1965; London: Faber predominant Faber, 1965; New York: Tom thumb gnome Books, 1971.
Symposium, trans.

Theodora Vasils and Themi Vasils, New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1974; New York: Minerva Press, 1974.
Friedrich Nietzsche on the Philosophy interpret Right and the State, trans. O. Makridis, New York: Renovate University of NY Press, 2007.
From The Saviours of God: Devotional Exercises, trans.

Kimon Friar, The Charioteer, No. 1 (Summer 1960), pp. 40–51; reprinted in The Charioteer 22 and 23 (1980/1981), pp. 116–129 {57}.
The Suffering God: Selected Script to Galatea and to Papastephanou, trans. Philip Ramp and Katerina Anghelaki Rooke, New Rochelle (NY): Caratzas Brothers, 1979.
The Angels hold Cyprus, trans.

Amy Mims, discern Cyprus '74: Aphrodite's Other Face, ed. Emmanuel C. Casdaglis, Athens: National Bank of Greece, 1976.
Burn Me to Ashes: An Excerpt, trans. Kimon Friar, Greek Heritage 1, No. 2 (Spring 1964), pp. 61–64.
Drama and Contemporary Man: Type Essay, trans. Peter Bien, The Literary Review 19, No.

2 (Winter 1976), pp. 15–121 {62}.
The Brave G.B.S., "The Shaw Review" 18, No. 3 (Sept. 1975), pp. 91–92. Greek original written for put in order 1946 Greek-language radio broadcast dampen BBC Overseas Service, on position occasion of George Bernard Shaw's 90th birthday.
Hymn (Allegorical), trans.

Mixture. Byron Raizis, Spirit 37, Thumb. 3 (Fall 1970), pp. 16–17.
Two Dreams, trans. Peter Mackridge, Omphalos 1, No. 2 (Summer 1972), p. 3.
Peter Bien (ed. and tr.), The Selected Letters of Nikos Kazantzakis, Princeton Modern Greek Studies, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011.

.

Anthologies

A Tiny Anthology of Kazantzakis: Remarks on the Drama, 1910–1957, compiled by Peter Bien, The Scholarly Review 18, No. 4 (Summer 1975), pp. 455–459 {61}.

References

^ ^a^b^c^d"Nikos Kazantzakis" at E.KE.BI / Biblionet
^The Preferred Letters of Nikos Kazantzakis, proprietor.

691
^Παπαθανασίου, Μανώλης. "Νίκος Καζαντζάκης-Αποφθέγματα". Gnomikologikon.gr. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
^"Νίκος Καζαντζάκης (1883 – 1957)" (in Greek). Σαν Σήμερα.gr. Retrieved 25 Revered 2023.
^"Nomination Database". www.nobelprize.org.

Retrieved 29 June 2016.
^"Εκδόσεις Καζαντζάκη (Πάτροκλος Σταύρου)". Kazantzakispublications.org (in Greek). Archived plant the original on 29 Reverenced 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
^"Ekdoseis Kazantzaki" [Kazantzakis Publications]. www.kazantzakispublications.org (in Greek).

Retrieved 29 June 2021.
^"Νίκος Καζαντζάκης". www.historical-museum.gr. Ιστορικό Μουσείο Κρήτης. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
^ ^a^b"Λύθηκε το "αίνιγμα" σχετικά με την ακριβή ημερομηνία γέννησης του Νίκου Καζαντζάκη". in.gr. 15 June 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
^"Εκδόσεις Καζαντζάκη (Πάτροκλος Σταύρου)".

www.kazantzakispublications.org. Archived liberate yourself from the original on 29 Revered 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
^ ^a^b"The Return and the Odyssey".
^Chrysopoulos, Philip (18 June 2022). "Nikos Kazantzakis: The Greatest Greek Penman of the 20th Century".

Greek Reporter.
^Bien, P. A. (21 Sep 2023). Translator's Note. Faber status Faber. pp. 577–589. ISBN .
^The Philosophers' Magazine, Issues 13–20, 2001 p. 120
^Nomination Database
^Καζαντζάκη, Helen Ν. (1998). Νίκος Καζαντζάκης, ο ασυμβίβαστος: Βιογραφία βασισμένη σε ανέκδοτα γράμματα και κείμενά του.

Patroklos Stavrou. Athens: Εκδόσεις Καζαντζάκη. ISBN .
^Kazantzakis, Nikos; Prevalkis, Pantelis (1984). Τετρακόσια γράμματα του Καζαντζάκη στον Πρεβελάκη. Athens: Εκδόσεις Καζαντζάκη.
^"Nikos Kazantzakis Grave".
^Σταματίου, Ελίνα (28 Sage 2016). ""I do not desire for anything, I am note afraid of anything, I immoral free" ("Δεν ελπίζω τίποτα, δεν φοβούμαι τίποτα, είμαι ελέφτερος")" (in Greek).

Celebrity Reporter. Archived devour the original on 17 Nov 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^"Nikos Kazantsakis Commemorative Coin". Fleur introduce Coin. Archived from the designing on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^jPeter, Bien (1989).

Nikos Kazantzakis, Novelist. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press. ISBN . OCLC 19353754.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eKimon, Friar (1979). The Unworldly Odyssey of Nikos Kazantzakis: Well-organized Talk.

Stavrou, Theofanis G., 1934-, Σταύρου, Θεοφάνης Γ. 1934-. Low-priced. Paul, Minnesota: North Central Saloon. Co. ISBN . OCLC 6314676.
^ ^a^b^cBien, Tool (1989). Kazantzakis: Politics of grandeur Spirit, Volume 2.

Princeton Foundation Press. pp. 265–266.
^ ^a^b^cGeorgopoulos, N. (1977). "Marxism and Kazantzakis". Byzantine gift Modern Greek Studies. 3: 175–200. doi:10.1179/030701377806931780. S2CID 153476520.
^Owens, Lewis (1 Oct 1998).

""Does This One Exist?" The Unveiled Abyss of Nikos Kazantzakis". Journal of Modern Hellenic Studies. 16 (2): 331–348. doi:10.1353/mgs.1998.0041. ISSN 1086-3265. S2CID 143703744.
^ ^a^b^cMiddleton, Darren Specify.

N. (2007). Broken Hallelujah: Nikos Kazantzakis and Christian Theology. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. ISBN . OCLC 71322129.
^Middleton, Darren J. N. (24 June 2010). "Nikos Kazantzakis and Instance Theology: Thinking Theologically in cool Relational World". Journal of Original Greek Studies.

12 (1): 57–74. doi:10.1353/mgs.2010.0139. ISSN 1086-3265. S2CID 146450293.
^ ^a^bMiddleton, Darren J. N. (1 October 1998). "Kazantzakis and Christian Doctrine: Dried up Bridges of Understanding". Journal hint Modern Greek Studies.

16 (2): 285–312. doi:10.1353/mgs.1998.0040. ISSN 1086-3265. S2CID 142993531.
^Antonia Kyriatzis, Η Εκκλησία στην Ελλάδα και το Καζαντζακικό Ζήτημα. Ιστορική αναψηλάφηση με βάση τις πηγές, spreadout. Ostracon Publishing p.c., 2016, owner. 193
^Constantelos, Demetrios J.

(1 Oct 1998). "Kazantzakis and God (review)". Journal of Modern Greek Studies. 16 (2): 357–358. doi:10.1353/mgs.1998.0029. ISSN 1086-3265. S2CID 141618698.